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| | | | |
| | In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. | | In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts. |
| | + | |
| | + | Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this case, solar is also on option. |
| | | | |
| | The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective: | | The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective: |
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| | *SAC also leads to a reduction of peak electricity demand this can benefit the electricity network and lead to additional cost savings of the most expensive peak electricity (if applied on a broad scale) | | *SAC also leads to a reduction of peak electricity demand this can benefit the electricity network and lead to additional cost savings of the most expensive peak electricity (if applied on a broad scale) |
| | *environmentally sound materials without ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential are used with SAC | | *environmentally sound materials without ozone depletion and no (or very small) global warming potential are used with SAC |
| − | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest, usually the most sun is shining as well. | + | *Coincide of solar energy supply and demand in many cases - when it is the hottest and most cooling is demanded, usually the most sun is shining as well. |
| | | | |
| | = Applications<br/> = | | = Applications<br/> = |
| Line 23: |
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| | == Cold Storage - own page?<br/> == | | == Cold Storage - own page?<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning<br/> = | + | = State of the Art world wide Solar Air Conditioning <ref>Henning, H. (2010) :Solar Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Achievements and challenges. Fraunhofer ISE. Presented at EuroSun 2010. Graz.</ref><ref> https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = |
| | | | |
| | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref> | | Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.<ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf</ref> |
| Line 37: |
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| | *Most systems in USA, Germany, Southern Europe and MENA | | *Most systems in USA, Germany, Southern Europe and MENA |
| | *Few companies offering complete SAC solutions | | *Few companies offering complete SAC solutions |
| − | *Custom made systems è lacking experience and expertise, very expensive | + | *Custom made systems -> acking experience and expertise, very expensive |
| | *Cost reduction expected with increasing standardization, economies of scale and upcoming specialized incentive schemes (e.g. France) | | *Cost reduction expected with increasing standardization, economies of scale and upcoming specialized incentive schemes (e.g. France) |
| | *Could take off in the coming years with increasing energy prices and further experiences in hotter climates (higher irradiation, higher cooling loads) | | *Could take off in the coming years with increasing energy prices and further experiences in hotter climates (higher irradiation, higher cooling loads) |
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| | == Mayor Challenges<br/> == | | == Mayor Challenges<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues. | + | A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues. |
| | | | |
| | === Technology<br/> === | | === Technology<br/> === |
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| | === Policy<br/> === | | === Policy<br/> === |
| | | | |
| − | *Cooling not yet part of policy target and strategies | + | *Cooling mostly not yet part of policy target and strategies |
| | *Regulatory measures needed | | *Regulatory measures needed |
| | | | |
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| | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary: | | New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary: |
| | | | |
| − | *First examples of competitive installations – e.g. Cyprus | + | *First examples of competitive installations – e.g. Cyprus (very high electricity price) |
| − | *Maybe suitable alternative | + | *Maybe suitable alternative in some cases |
| − | *Different results depending on perspective and goal
| + | |
| | *Depending on boundary conditions and objective of cooling – very site specific | | *Depending on boundary conditions and objective of cooling – very site specific |
| | *Availability and reliability of grid as storage - if needed | | *Availability and reliability of grid as storage - if needed |
| | *Storage/ back-up issue | | *Storage/ back-up issue |
| − | *alternative Energy costs (esp. Electricity) | + | *alternative energy costs (esp. electricity) |
| | *Subsidies and incentives available for conventional power/systems/energy switch, etc. | | *Subsidies and incentives available for conventional power/systems/energy switch, etc. |
| − | *Different effect on grids - what do I want to achieve with solar cooling? | + | *Different effect on grids - what do I want to achieve with solar cooling? |
| | *Demand for other energy services – demand for hot water and heating | | *Demand for other energy services – demand for hot water and heating |
| | *Still discussion and research going on in solar cooling community | | *Still discussion and research going on in solar cooling community |
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| | == Solar Cooling in India<br/> == | | == Solar Cooling in India<br/> == |
| | | | |
| − | he In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>'''
| + | In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems'''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref>''' |
| | | | |
| | Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. | | Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling. |
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| | Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more <ref>Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> | | Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more <ref>Singh, S.K. (2011): Solar Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. Solar Energy Center. MNRE. Ppt.</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity) '''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref> '''and e.g. yearly +60MW cooling capacity for newly built retail sector only are coming up. (Benchmark: cooling demand in richer Arab countries: 75% of electricity). | + | The total installed cooling load is 35.000MWe (28.7% of installed capacity) '''<ref>Sivak, M. (2009): Potential demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world. Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37 (2009) 1382-1384</ref> ''' |
| | | | |
| − | *'''Residential sector – great future challenge'''
| + | '''Residential sector – great future challenge''' |
| | | | |
| − | Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref>DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> | + | *Penetration level for A/C < 1% only and switch from air evaporation systems expected <ref>DSCL Energy Services Company Ltd. (2010): Trigeneration in India Market Assessment Study .Trigeneration Technology within the Indian Building Sector . Berliner Energieagentur GmbH (editor). Commissioned by GTZ.</ref> |
| | + | *Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies |
| | + | *Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage |
| | | | |
| − | Lacking affordabel, small scale renewable technologies
| + | '''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market''' |
| | | | |
| − | Highest load in non-sunshine hours -> no coincide of supply and demand, challenge of storage
| + | *Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes |
| | + | *often coincide of loads and solar gains |
| | | | |
| − | *'''Industrial and commercial sector – short and medium term market'''
| + | '''Solar Cold Storage''' |
| | | | |
| − | Larger central systems in place already – solar technologies available for these sizes
| + | ... |
| − | | + | |
| − | often coincide of loads and solar gains
| + | |
| | | | |
| | === Experiences<br/> === | | === Experiences<br/> === |
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| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | Comapnies have been using VAM systems – available locally
| + | Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India. |
| | | | |
| − | Gas, wood or exhaust heat – b/c of unreliable power supply and costs
| + | So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM |
| | | | |
| − | Established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD)
| + | *Solar Energy Center, TERI, IITs,… |
| | + | *Thermax (3-effect VAM with COP of 1.7-1.8)<ref>http://www.commodityonline.com/news/india-tech-breakthrough-in-solar-thermal-cooling-system-40460-3-1.html</ref>, Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar<ref>http://www.solarthermalworld.org/node/1028 </ref>,.. |
| | + | *Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance needed. |
| | + | *still early pilot phase |
| | + | *So far no coherent strategic approach, lacking knowledge sharing |
| | + | *R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems |
| | | | |
| − | 10 projects - R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives è concentrated solar collectors + VAM
| + | '''Economics''' |
| | | | |
| − | SEC, TERI, IITs,…
| + | *Investment costs 3x higher than conventional systems |
| | + | *High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback |
| | + | *investors very hesitant regarding investments with payback >3years |
| | + | *Most feasible for larger systems >100 kW |
| | + | *Awareness raising needed |
| | + | *Costs for chillers and solar components are decreasing |
| | + | *Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated |
| | | | |
| − | Thermax (pipeline program 3-effect VAM with MNRE), Baskara Solar, Gadhia Solar,..
| |
| | | | |
| − | Mamata - only project with evacuated tube collectors, since 2006, little maintenance
| |
| | | | |
| − | still early pilot phase
| + | '''Reliability of system and back-up storage''' |
| | | | |
| − | So far no coherent strategic approach, lacking knowledge sharing
| + | *as the main selling argument for SAC in India is the increased reliability an independence from the grid, a reliable system is key |
| | + | *Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue |
| | + | *Increasing reliability – storage/back-up necessary |
| | + | *Solar as add on, not total replacement, otherwise very expensive |
| | + | *Variation in irradiation and diffiulty of prediction - dynamic system needed |
| | + | *Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary |
| | | | |
| − | R&D for solid and liquid dessicant systems
| + | '''System Design''' |
| | | | |
| − | Still early phase
| + | *System design, integration and optimization prove difficult |
| | + | *maintenance is a great issue |
| | + | *Smaller VAMs under development, expensive |
| | + | *Space availability for solar collectors and cooling towers is a challenge |
| | + | *High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies |
| | | | |
| − | Could become simpler, cheaper and suitable for smaller systems
| + | '''Collectors''' |
| | | | |
| − | Local manufacturers (desiccant wheels) available
| + | *Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage) in some regions |
| | + | *Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube |
| | + | *Achieve higher temperature lift, remove the need for wet cooling towers |
| | + | *Maintenance issue |
| | + | *Expensive, performance and tracking issues |
| | + | *in some regions, non-concentrating collectors might be more suitable, also architectural integration possible, but lower temperatures, hence lower COPs |
| | + | *Evacuated heat pipes not produced in India |
| | + | *Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved |
| | | | |
| | + | = Recommendations for Pushing the Market Development for Solar Cooling i.a. <ref>http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-assisted-cooling.pdf </ref><ref>https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf </ref><br/> = |
| | | | |
| | + | '''Training and awareness raising''' |
| | | | |
| − | Economics
| + | *Work with associated associations (solar thermal, chiller manufacturers, society of engineers, architects, etc.) with regards to cooling |
| | + | *establish a Technical working group on solar cooling with regular meetings |
| | + | *Training programs for installers, planners of SAC systems |
| | + | *Provide design tools for them on different levels |
| | + | *Including SAC in engineering curricular |
| | + | *Capacity development of architects in order to decrease necessary cooling loads and include solar cooling in their projects as a suitable solution |
| | + | *broad awareness raising campaigns, lobbying |
| | | | |
| − | ~1 lakh Rs/kW cooling capacity (at 100kW), around 100 Lahks Rs higher investment costs (Thermax)
| + | '''R&D''' |
| | | | |
| − | Investment costs 3x higher (other statements)
| + | *Support visible and meaningful demonstration projects (with proven energy performance) to achieve standardization and guidelines, incl. showcases: collecting experiences, showing best practices as basis for awareness campaigns, potentials and limits |
| | + | *Start keeping statistics on energy demand for cooling (split up industries) |
| | + | *The market for room air conditioners is growing very rapidly in India. Hence, small SAC units which can mitigate the environmental impact of this trend are especially needed for the Indian market. Develop R&D with focus on small applications. |
| | + | *Usability of residential solar water heaters for solar cooling (only 1-2 rooms needed) |
| | | | |
| − | High capital investment and long payback periods (> 7 years) highest drawback
| + | '''Policy measures''' |
| | | | |
| − | investors very hesitant regarding investments with payback >3years
| + | *Roadmap for (solar/RE) cooling and |
| | + | *inclusion of cooling into RE/solar targets at national/state level |
| | | | |
| − | With Government subsidy of up to 50%, payback of 5 years (Thermax Projects)
| + | '''Incentives Schemes''' |
| | | | |
| − | Most feasible for larger systems >100 kW
| + | *Higher incentive in the early market status, reduced incentives when the market has started to take off: investment funds, tax reductions or credit programs with reduced interest rates. Based on standards of achieved energy/ CO<sub>2</sub> savings |
| | + | *Review solar thermal subsidy scheme (often in place) with regards to cooling, adoptions might be necessary to make application viable – maybe special subsidy when connected to heating and hot water, if applicable |
| | + | *Come up with easy financing mechanisms for solar /renewable cooling |
| | + | *Phase out subsidies on conventional energies to decrease market distortion |
| | | | |
| − | Awareness raising needed
| + | '''Regulatory measures''' |
| | | | |
| − | Costs for chillers and solar components are decreasing
| + | *Inclusion of RE-cooling/SAC in building regulations (new buildings and refurbishment) – obligatory rating scheme for buildings |
| − | | + | *Prohibition / discouragement of refrigerant with high global warming potential (GWP) |
| − | Energy demand for control system and backup not to be underestaimated
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Reliability of system and back-up storage
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Improving quality of chillers and solar components, but still an issue
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Increasing reliability – storage/back-up necessary
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Solar as add on, not total replacement, otherwise very expensive
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Variation in irradiation and diffiulty of prediction - dynamic system needed
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Standardization of storage (cold and heat) necessary
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | System design, integration and optimization prove difficult
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Smaller VAMs under development, expensive
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Space availability for solar collectors and cooling towers is a challenge
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Concentrating collectors (for higher temperature applications) face difficulties at the moment because of high fraction of diffuce radiation (dust, cloud coverage)
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Used as locally produced but also more expensive than flat plate/evacuated tube
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Achieve higher temperature lift, remove the need for wet cooling towers
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Maintenance issue
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Thermax might be working on this with German solar Company Ritter
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Expensive, performance and tracking issues
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | non-concentrating collectors more suitable? - architectural integration possible, but lower temperatures, lower COPs
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Evacuated heat pipes not produced in India
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Efficiency of solar equipment needs to be improved
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | High humidity and water scarcity – find suitable technologies
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | = Actors<br/> =
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Research Institutes<br/> ==
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Companies<br/> ==
| + | |
| | | | |
| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
| | | | |
| | [http://www.iea-shc.org/task38/ IEA Task 38 - Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration] -[https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf IEA Solar Cooling Position Paper] | | [http://www.iea-shc.org/task38/ IEA Task 38 - Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration] -[https://www.iea-shc.org/publications/downloads/IEA-SHC-Solar-Cooling-Position-Paper.pdf IEA Solar Cooling Position Paper] |
| | + | |
| | + | [[www.tecsol.fr|Feasibility checklist for solar cooling projects (European focus) ]] |
| | | | |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Solar]] | | [[Category:Solar]] |
In many countries, especially in developing countries in the South, with increasing economic development and population growth, demand for cooling is increasing rapidly (e.g. ric Arab Countries - 75% of installed poer is used for sooling). Often, this additional electricity load puts further stress on the mostly already shaky grids in these countries, leading to further power cuts.
Also, in many areas cooling for agricultural products, vaccines, etc. is an essential need which cannot be served. In this case, solar is also on option.
The main arguments for solar assisted cooling (SAC) originate from an energy saving perspective:
Solar assistes cooling can be broadly split up in two main applications, depending on the targeted temperature range:
Despite intensive research over the past decade,SAC has still reached only a very small market penetration. Yet, a well established SAC research society and scientific field are working on further market development.[3]
A range of challenges exist why solar cooling has not taken off so far. In many cases, it is a combination of different issues.
Still, most of the issues are related to the technology. One of the main problems beeing that there is not one single solution and experiences with new applications are collected constantly
New discussion due to decreasing PV prices. Could it be more economical to run vapour compression chiller with a PV module than operating solar thermally powered chillers? The discussion is still going on, there is no clear answer yet available to this question as the answer depends o a range of different thinkable boundary:
In India, boundary conditions for solar cooling are very favourable: there is more irradiation and at the same time more cooling degree days than in areas where most systems so far have been installed (e.g. USA, MENA, South Europa) - but partly in some regions the climate is also more humid which asks for adapted systems[4]
Ideal boundary conditions (high solar radioation, long cooling season). The only drawback are not prohibitive high energy price, yet this is neutralized trough extensive electricity shortages. Many institutions, companies etc. have their own back up systems for electrcity supply, often also for cooling.
Indian customers are looking for reliable cooling options - this is a chance for solar applications.
Moreover, the cooling demand is growing further which is endangering grid stability even more [5]
Because of electricity shortages, comapnies with exhaust heat and own generator have started using VAM systems which are available locally. the VAMs run on gas, wood or exhaust heat. Hence, an established VAM market (around 5 Mio USD) is in place which is one of the main drivers with regards to SAC in India.
So far, a hand full of projects has been realised (around 10), mostly R&D and some private (non commercial/green) initiatives are in place, using concentrated solar collectors + VAM
