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| | *Every person needs food to sustain their lives. Most food needs to be cooked and most people cook 2-3 times per day, EVERY day. | | *Every person needs food to sustain their lives. Most food needs to be cooked and most people cook 2-3 times per day, EVERY day. |
| | *Worldwide, 2.7 billion people use biomass fuels for cooking. These fuels include firewood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural residues. | | *Worldwide, 2.7 billion people use biomass fuels for cooking. These fuels include firewood, charcoal, dung, and agricultural residues. |
| − | *Cooking energy accounts for about 90 % of all household energy consumption in developing countries. | + | *Cooking energy accounts for about 90% of all household energy consumption in developing countries. |
| − | *Frequently, biomass fuels are the only available energy source, especially in rural areas. In most Sub-Saharan countries, more than 80 per cent of the population depend on biomass fuels for their daily cooking. | + | *Frequently, biomass fuels are the only available energy source, especially in rural areas. In most Sub-Saharan countries, more than 80% of the population depend on biomass fuels for their daily cooking. |
| | *Biomass fuels are mainly burned on inefficient open fires and traditional stoves. | | *Biomass fuels are mainly burned on inefficient open fires and traditional stoves. |
| | *Despite massive efforts aimed at substitution and electrification, the number of people relying on biomass energy is still increasing. It is estimated that by 2030, more than 2.8 billion people will cook with biomass. | | *Despite massive efforts aimed at substitution and electrification, the number of people relying on biomass energy is still increasing. It is estimated that by 2030, more than 2.8 billion people will cook with biomass. |
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| | *Unclean burning leads to emissions. | | *Unclean burning leads to emissions. |
| | *Dwindling resources lead to an additional workload for women and children as they have to spend more time searching for firewood, and the fuel that they find is often of a lower grade and thus burns with more smoke and less heat. | | *Dwindling resources lead to an additional workload for women and children as they have to spend more time searching for firewood, and the fuel that they find is often of a lower grade and thus burns with more smoke and less heat. |
| − | *Every year, the smoke from open fires and traditional stoves kills 1.5 million people. Thus, every 20 seconds, a woman or child is dying due to inefficient use of biomass fuel. | + | *Every year, the smoke from open fires and traditional stoves - leading to [[Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)|indoor air pollution]] - kills 1.5 million people. Thus, every 20 seconds, a woman or child is dying due to inefficient use of biomass fuel. |
| | *Fuelwood is often collected on a daily basis and has no time to dry before use. This makes the use less efficient as some heat is wasted to drive the moisture out of the wood. Moist fuel results in more smoke. | | *Fuelwood is often collected on a daily basis and has no time to dry before use. This makes the use less efficient as some heat is wasted to drive the moisture out of the wood. Moist fuel results in more smoke. |
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| | *Technologies and techniques for sustainable production and efficient use of biomass energy are available. Further scaling up of these techniques and technologies is needed. | | *Technologies and techniques for sustainable production and efficient use of biomass energy are available. Further scaling up of these techniques and technologies is needed. |
| | *Biomass fuels will remain the most important source of energy for the next decades. The best way to burn them efficiently and sustainably is the use of clean-burning and efficient stoves. | | *Biomass fuels will remain the most important source of energy for the next decades. The best way to burn them efficiently and sustainably is the use of clean-burning and efficient stoves. |
| − | *A well-designed improved household stove, which is properly used, can save up to 60 per cent of fuel compared to the traditional three-stone fire. | + | *A well-designed improved household stove, which is properly used, can save up to 60% of fuel compared to the traditional three-stone fire. |
| | *Well-designed energy-efficient stoves emit very little smoke, provided that improved efficiency is due in part to improved combustion. A large number of stoves are efficient because of the way heat is directed at the pot (heat transfer efficiency), rather than by improved combustion (combustion efficiency). It is important to ensure that both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency are improved when designing a stove. | | *Well-designed energy-efficient stoves emit very little smoke, provided that improved efficiency is due in part to improved combustion. A large number of stoves are efficient because of the way heat is directed at the pot (heat transfer efficiency), rather than by improved combustion (combustion efficiency). It is important to ensure that both combustion efficiency and heat transfer efficiency are improved when designing a stove. |
| | *Improved technologies range from artisanal or factory-produced clay and metal stoves to solar cookers, heat retaining cookers, and stoves using green fuels such as plant oil, ethanol, or biogas. | | *Improved technologies range from artisanal or factory-produced clay and metal stoves to solar cookers, heat retaining cookers, and stoves using green fuels such as plant oil, ethanol, or biogas. |
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| | = Cooking Energy and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)<br/> = | | = Cooking Energy and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)<br/> = |
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| − | The '''Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) '''seek to halve poverty by 2015. The UN Millennium Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly in September 2000 ([http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/]). | + | The '''Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) '''seek to halve poverty by 2015. The UN Millennium Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly in September 2000 |
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| − | Although none of the eight Millennium Development Goals specifically address cooking energy, its importance was acknowledged in later documents as follows:<br/>‘Improved energy services – including modern cooking fuels – are necessary for meeting almost all the Goals… The UN Millennium Project proposes that countries adopt the following specific target … by 2015: Reduce the number of people without effective access to modern cooking fuels by 50 percent and make improved cookstoves widely available.’ <ref name="UNDP UN Millennium Project">UNDP UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals UNDP 2005:30 (http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm).</ref> ([http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm]).
| + | -> [http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals UN Millennium Development Goals ] |
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| − | To achieve this goal, an additional 500 000 people have to get access to improved cooking energy services every day. The sustainable and clean use of biomass energy for cooking contributes directly to achieving <u>all </u>Millennium Development Goals (see table below). It is thus of high political and social relevance to the development process. | + | <u>Although none of the eight Millennium Development Goals specifically address cooking energy, its importance was acknowledged in later documents as follows:</u><br/>‘Improved energy services – including modern cooking fuels – are necessary for meeting almost all the Goals… The UN Millennium Project proposes that countries adopt the following specific target … by 2015: Reduce the number of people without effective access to modern cooking fuels by 50 percent and make improved cookstoves widely available.’ <ref name="UNDP UN Millennium Project">UNDP UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals UNDP 2005:30 (http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm).</ref> |
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| | + | -> [http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/fullreport.htm Millenium Project, The Full Report - A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millenium Develoment Goals] |
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| | + | To achieve this goal, an additional 500 000 people have to get access to improved cooking energy services every day. The sustainable and clean use of biomass energy for cooking contributes directly to achieving <u>all</u> Millennium Development Goals (see table below). It is thus of high political and social relevance to the development process. |
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| | During the UN High Level Plenary Meeting in September 2010, a follow-up resolution to the outcome of the Millennium Summit was adopted. In this additional document, several issues relating to energy access, security, clean and renewable energy, etc. are set forth, emphazising the importance of energy for sustainable development. (See [http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/65/PV.9&Lang=E §46, 373, §77f, §77k, §68u] for energy related aspects of the MDGs.) | | During the UN High Level Plenary Meeting in September 2010, a follow-up resolution to the outcome of the Millennium Summit was adopted. In this additional document, several issues relating to energy access, security, clean and renewable energy, etc. are set forth, emphazising the importance of energy for sustainable development. (See [http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/65/PV.9&Lang=E §46, 373, §77f, §77k, §68u] for energy related aspects of the MDGs.) |
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| | Since 2010, cooking energy has become more visible on the international agenda. Decentralized basic energy services have gained importance, and not just because of oil prices increases. It will be difficult to reach rural and poor populations in many countries with only national electricity grids. Wood and other biomass energy are more realistics and therefore, their relevance is becoming more ackowledged.<br/>The UN Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change calls for two additional goals to be reached by the international community by 2030: universal access to modern energy services and improved energy efficiency. | | Since 2010, cooking energy has become more visible on the international agenda. Decentralized basic energy services have gained importance, and not just because of oil prices increases. It will be difficult to reach rural and poor populations in many countries with only national electricity grids. Wood and other biomass energy are more realistics and therefore, their relevance is becoming more ackowledged.<br/>The UN Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change calls for two additional goals to be reached by the international community by 2030: universal access to modern energy services and improved energy efficiency. |
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| − | To emphasize the importance of access to sustainable energy, the UN declared the year 2012 "International Year of Sustainable Energy for All". | + | To emphasize the importance of access to sustainable energy, the UN declared the year 2012 "[http://www.sustainableenergyforall.org/ International Year of Sustainable Energy for All]". |
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| | == Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves == | | == Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves == |
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| − | "The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves“ was presented in 2010 in the margins of the UN summit on the Millennium Development Goals in New York. The Alliance’s goal ‘100 by 20’ calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.<br/>The Alliance is going to work with private, public, and non-profit partners. Founding partners are i.e. the governments of the US, Germany, Norway and Peru, Shell, Morgan Stanley, WHO, UNEP, and several other organizations.<br/>Its aim is to “save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women and combat climate change” by creating a thriving global market. The Alliance promotes major public awareness campaigns and the establishment of industry standards worldwide. Furthermore, they want to support the development of local and international markets for clean cookstoves and fuels, and fund further research.<br/>For further information visit: Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves [http://cleancookstoves.org/ http://cleancookstoves.org/] | + | "[http://www.cleancookstoves.org/ The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves]“ was presented in 2010 in the margins of the UN summit on the Millennium Development Goals in New York. The Alliance’s goal ‘100 by 20’ calls for 100 million homes to adopt clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020.<br/>The Alliance is going to work with private, public, and non-profit partners. Founding partners are i.e. the governments of the US, Germany, Norway and Peru, Shell, Morgan Stanley, WHO, UNEP, and several other organizations.<br/>Its aim is to “save lives, improve livelihoods, empower women and combat climate change” by creating a thriving global market. The Alliance promotes major public awareness campaigns and the establishment of industry standards worldwide. Furthermore, they want to support the development of local and international markets for clean cookstoves and fuels, and fund further research.<br/>For further information visit: [http://www.cleancookstoves.org/ Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves]. |
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| | == Program of Action 2015<br/> == | | == Program of Action 2015<br/> == |
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| − | The Program of action 2015 was passed by the German Federal Government in 2001. It describes the contributions made by Germany to reach the Millennium Goals. | + | The [http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/egovernment/action_plan_2011_2015/index_en.htm Program of action 2015] was passed by the German Federal Government in 2001. It describes the contributions made by Germany to reach the Millennium Goals. |
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| | Paragraph 3.6 (Ensuring Access to Vital Resources) stresses the importance of sustainable energy policies. Special emphasis is put on those dealing with energy efficiency and renewable energies for reducing poverty. The German government commits itself to supporting its partner countries with regard to energy generation and energy supplies for poor rural areas. These locations are remote from the national grid and thus require renewable energy sources (e.g., biomass, solar energy, wind) and an enabling environment to facilitate poor people's access to efficient, grid-based electricity. | | Paragraph 3.6 (Ensuring Access to Vital Resources) stresses the importance of sustainable energy policies. Special emphasis is put on those dealing with energy efficiency and renewable energies for reducing poverty. The German government commits itself to supporting its partner countries with regard to energy generation and energy supplies for poor rural areas. These locations are remote from the national grid and thus require renewable energy sources (e.g., biomass, solar energy, wind) and an enabling environment to facilitate poor people's access to efficient, grid-based electricity. |
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| − | [http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-action-program-2015.pdf Program of the action 2015] (2001) GIZ-link. | + | -> [http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-action-program-2015.pdf Program of the action 2015 (2001) GIZ-link]. |
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| | == Agenda 21 == | | == Agenda 21 == |
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| − | Agenda 21 was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is a comprehensive plan of action to be adopted globally, nationally, and locally by organizations within the UN, and by governments and major groups in every area which experience human impact on the environment. | + | [http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/ Agenda 21] was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is a comprehensive plan of action to be adopted globally, nationally, and locally by organizations within the UN, and by governments and major groups in every area which experience human impact on the environment. |
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| − | Sustainable access to energy and its efficient use plays a role in several chapters of Section II of the Agenda. These chapters relate to the conservation and management of resources for development (especially chapters 9, 11, 14).<br/>[http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm Download of the Agenda 21] (UN) | + | Sustainable access to energy and its efficient use plays a role in several chapters of Section II of the Agenda. These chapters relate to the conservation and management of resources for development (especially chapters 9, 11, 14).<br/>-> [[Www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21toc.htm|Download of the Agenda 21 (UN)]] |
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| − | == United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change == | + | == United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<br/> == |
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| | Cooking energy programmes are linked to the [http://unfccc.int/2860.php UNFCCC] through actions to conserve forests and promote renewable energy sources. There has been a lot of interest recently in carbon credit financing for improved stove projects. Since 2006, stove organizations have begun to receive funding from carbon credits.The UNFCCC entered into force in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, is a supplement to this treaty. | | Cooking energy programmes are linked to the [http://unfccc.int/2860.php UNFCCC] through actions to conserve forests and promote renewable energy sources. There has been a lot of interest recently in carbon credit financing for improved stove projects. Since 2006, stove organizations have begun to receive funding from carbon credits.The UNFCCC entered into force in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol, which was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, is a supplement to this treaty. |
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| − | [http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php Download of the Kyoto Protocol] (UN) | + | -> [[Unfccc.int/kyoto protocol/items/2830.php|Download of the Kyoto Protocol (UN)]] |
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| | '''Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) '''describe a country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies and programmes over a time horizon of at least three years. They are aimed at promoting a wide spectrum of growth initiatives and poverty reduction, and identify needs for external financing and major sources of financing. The papers are oriented towards achieving the MDGs. They are prepared by countries through a participatory process involving both domestic stakeholders and external development partners, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. PRSPs are updated every three years by annual progress reports. They are a necessary prerequisite for debt relief. | | '''Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) '''describe a country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies and programmes over a time horizon of at least three years. They are aimed at promoting a wide spectrum of growth initiatives and poverty reduction, and identify needs for external financing and major sources of financing. The papers are oriented towards achieving the MDGs. They are prepared by countries through a participatory process involving both domestic stakeholders and external development partners, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. PRSPs are updated every three years by annual progress reports. They are a necessary prerequisite for debt relief. |
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| − | [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20175742%7EpagePK:210058%7EpiPK:210062%7EtheSitePK:384201,00.html World Bank: PRSP Sourcebook] | + | -> [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20175742%7EpagePK:210058%7EpiPK:210062%7EtheSitePK:384201,00.html World Bank: PRSP Sourcebook] |
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| | The PRSP Sourcebook (World Bank) assists countries in preparation of poverty reduction strategies. Annex Q ‘Energy: Technical Note’ provides a suggested structure for presenting energy/poverty linkages and sector goals in preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Especially under the sections ‘Social Sector Development’, and ‘Natural Resources and the Environment’, the role of firewood for cooking is highlighted. Gender aspects, management of forest resources, and access to energy are the core issues highlighted in respect of cooking energy, and indicators such as availability and costs of improved cookstoves, and time collecting firewood are given. Potential energy strategies, including promotion of improved stoves through micro credit schemes and policies for sustainable forest use and management by communities, are discussed. [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20240478%7EpagePK:210058%7EpiPK:210062%7EtheSitePK:384201,00.html <font size="2">Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) by country</font>] | | The PRSP Sourcebook (World Bank) assists countries in preparation of poverty reduction strategies. Annex Q ‘Energy: Technical Note’ provides a suggested structure for presenting energy/poverty linkages and sector goals in preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Especially under the sections ‘Social Sector Development’, and ‘Natural Resources and the Environment’, the role of firewood for cooking is highlighted. Gender aspects, management of forest resources, and access to energy are the core issues highlighted in respect of cooking energy, and indicators such as availability and costs of improved cookstoves, and time collecting firewood are given. Potential energy strategies, including promotion of improved stoves through micro credit schemes and policies for sustainable forest use and management by communities, are discussed. [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPRS/0,,contentMDK:20240478%7EpagePK:210058%7EpiPK:210062%7EtheSitePK:384201,00.html <font size="2">Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) by country</font>] |
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| | A study done by UNDP in 2007 ([http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101751 Energizing Poverty Reduction]) examines to what degree energy-poverty dynamics are reflected in current policies and plans set forth by national Poverty Reduction Strategies. | | A study done by UNDP in 2007 ([http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101751 Energizing Poverty Reduction]) examines to what degree energy-poverty dynamics are reflected in current policies and plans set forth by national Poverty Reduction Strategies. |
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| − | In 2009, UNDP ([http://www.undp.org/energy/docs/Energy_Decentralization_r8.pdf Energy in National Decentralization Policies: LDC's and Sub-Saharan Africa])<span style="color: rgb(255,0,0)" />analized whether and how energy is taken into consideration within national decentralization policies in LDCs and in SSA, providing a broad overview of the current situation on decentralization-energy linkages. Cooking and heating was explicitly mentioned in the context of decentralization for only one country. But in many countries, policies and programmes represent opportunities for linking national policies and programmes with local level consultation and planning.<br/>[http://www.energyandenvironment.undp.org <font color="#002bb8">http://www.energyandenvironment.undp.org</font>]<br/><br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] | + | In 2009, UNDP ([http://www.undp.org/energy/docs/Energy_Decentralization_r8.pdf Energy in National Decentralization Policies: LDC's and Sub-Saharan Africa]) analized whether and how energy is taken into consideration within national decentralization policies in LDCs and in SSA, providing a broad overview of the current situation on decentralization-energy linkages. Cooking and heating was explicitly mentioned in the context of decentralization for only one country. But in many countries, policies and programmes represent opportunities for linking national policies and programmes with local level consultation and planning. |
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| | + | -> [http://www.energyandenvironment.undp.org UNDP, Environment & Energy, Featured publications]<br/><br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] |
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| | More and more regional and national organisations are developing policies relevant to cooking energy. | | More and more regional and national organisations are developing policies relevant to cooking energy. |
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| | == Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy<br/> == | | == Ecowas White Paper for a Regional Policy<br/> == |
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| − | In 2006, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) developed the [http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101839 White Paper for a Regional Policy: Geared toward Increasing Access to Energy Services for Rural and Peri-Urban Populations in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals] (2005)<br/>This ambitious White Paper explicitly refers to cooking energy:<br/>‘The objective for 2015 is for all of the population to have access to a modern or improved cooking service. This may be obtained through: | + | In 2006, the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) developed the [http://content.undp.org/go/cms-service/download/publication/?version=live&id=2101839 White Paper for a Regional Policy: Geared toward Increasing Access to Energy Services for Rural and Peri-Urban Populations in order to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals] (2005)<br/><u>This ambitious White Paper explicitly refers to cooking energy:</u><br/>‘The objective for 2015 is for all of the population to have access to a modern or improved cooking service. |
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| | + | <u>This may be obtained through:</u> |
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| | *Access to modern fuels – which requires, in the case of LPG, that households buy a gas stove and canister. | | *Access to modern fuels – which requires, in the case of LPG, that households buy a gas stove and canister. |
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| | == Southern African Development Community (SADC)<br/> == | | == Southern African Development Community (SADC)<br/> == |
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| − | During the last two decades, the '''Southern African Development Community (SADC) '''has outlined its energy strategy and policy in several documents such as SADC Protocol on Energy (1996), the SADC Energy Cooperation Policy and Strategy (1996) and the SADC Energy Activity Plan (2000), among others. However, these documents are in the process of being updated. SADC has recently formulated the [http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/833 Regional Energy Access Strategy and Action Plan] (RESAP) as a step towards realigning the Energy sector to emerging issues. | + | During the last two decades, the '''Southern African Development Community (SADC) '''has outlined its energy strategy and policy in several documents such as SADC Protocol on Energy (1996), the SADC Energy Cooperation Policy and Strategy (1996) and the SADC Energy Activity Plan (2000), among others. However, these documents are in the process of being updated. SADC has recently formulated the '''[http://www.sadc.int/index/browse/page/833 Regional Energy Access Strategy and Action Plan] (RESAP)''' as a step towards realigning the Energy sector to emerging issues. |
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| − | == EAC == | + | == EAC<br/> == |
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| − | A Regional Strategy on Scaling-Up Access to Modern Energy Services has been prepared with assistance from the UNDP and GIZ. The Strategy aims at facilitating achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and poverty reduction by developing MDG-based energy access investments in the framework of High Impact Low Cost Scalable options for four target areas including access to modern cooking practices for 50% of traditional biomass users and access to reliable modern energy services for all urban and peri-urban poor. | + | A "Regional Strategy on Scaling-Up Access to Modern Energy Services" EAC (East African Community countries—Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania) has been prepared with assistance from the UNDP and GIZ. The Strategy aims at facilitating achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and poverty reduction by developing MDG-based energy access investments in the framework of High Impact Low Cost Scalable options for four target areas including access to modern cooking practices for 50% of traditional biomass users and access to reliable modern energy services for all urban and peri-urban poor. |
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| − | [http://www.eac.int/energy/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=70 Regional Strategy on Scaling Up Access to Modern Energy Services in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction] (2009) | + | -> [http://www.eac.int/energy/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=70 Regional Strategy on Scaling Up Access to Modern Energy Services in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction] (2009) |
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| | A very encouraging example of what can be achieved through the combination of political will, funding for implementation, and technical assistance is the national campaign in Peru: | | A very encouraging example of what can be achieved through the combination of political will, funding for implementation, and technical assistance is the national campaign in Peru: |
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| − | The national campaign "''Half a million improved cooking stoves for a smoke free Peru''" ("''Medio Millón de Cocinas Mejoradas: Por un Perú sin Humo''") was launched in June 2009. The partnership is formed by public and private institutions, such as the Presidency, several Ministries, regional and local governments, GIZ, private companies, universities, and NGOs. Currently, 50 % of the people in Peru use traditional biomass for cooking. The goal until 2011 is to install 500,000 stoves. For stoves to be considered improved stoves and to be disseminated as part of the campaign, they must meet certain quality standards: fast cooking time, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, security, and acceptance by the population. All the stoves boil 5 litres of water within half an hour and reduce the contamination in the kitchen by up to 90 %.<br/>The objectives of the campaign are: | + | The national campaign "''Half a million improved cooking stoves for a smoke free Peru''" ("''Medio Millón de Cocinas Mejoradas: Por un Perú sin Humo''") was launched in June 2009. The partnership is formed by public and private institutions, such as the Presidency, several Ministries, regional and local governments, GIZ, private companies, universities, and NGOs. Currently, 50 % of the people in Peru use traditional biomass for cooking. The goal until 2011 is to install 500,000 stoves. For stoves to be considered improved stoves and to be disseminated as part of the campaign, they must meet certain quality standards: fast cooking time, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, security, and acceptance by the population. All the stoves boil 5 litres of water within half an hour and reduce the contamination in the kitchen by up to 90 %.<br/><u>The objectives of the campaign are:</u> |
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| | *provide a framework to facilitate the inclusion and strengthening of public, private, and international cooperation initiatives and partnerships; | | *provide a framework to facilitate the inclusion and strengthening of public, private, and international cooperation initiatives and partnerships; |
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| | *ensure quality and proper use of improved stoves certified in the process. | | *ensure quality and proper use of improved stoves certified in the process. |
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| − | As of June 2011, there were 155,023 stoves installed. For more information and results: [http://www.cocinasmejoradasperu.org.pe http://www.cocinasmejoradasperu.org.pe]<br/><br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] | + | |
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| | + | As of June 2011, there were 155,023 stoves installed. [http://www.cocinasmejoradasperu.org.pe More information and results].<br/><br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] |
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| | = Cooking Energy and Focal Areas of German Development Cooperation<br/> = | | = Cooking Energy and Focal Areas of German Development Cooperation<br/> = |
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| − | Access to modern cooking energy contributes to all of the priority sectors of the German Development Cooperation.<br/>The '''Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)''' will focus its cooperation in the future on the following sectors: education, health, rural development, good governance, and sustainable economic development.<br/>Clean and efficient cooking energy specifically contributes to these sectors in the following ways: | + | Access to modern cooking energy contributes to all of the priority sectors of the German Development Cooperation.<br/>The '''Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)''' will focus its cooperation in the future on the following sectors: education, health, rural development, good governance, and sustainable economic development.<br/><u>Clean and efficient cooking energy specifically contributes to these sectors in the following ways:</u> |
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| | == Education – Particularly Basic Education<br/> == | | == Education – Particularly Basic Education<br/> == |
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| | == Health – Including Family Planning & HIV / Aids<br/> == | | == Health – Including Family Planning & HIV / Aids<br/> == |
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| − | Every year, almost two million people die due to diseases caused by Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) and a substantial number of children suffer serious burns. The use of clean burning stoves can lead to: | + | Every year, almost two million people die due to diseases caused by [[Indoor_Air_Pollution_(IAP)|indoor air pollution (IAP)]] and a substantial number of children suffer serious burns. <u>The use of clean burning stoves can lead to:</u> |
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| | *A reduction in mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children, through:<br/>- A reduction of respiratory diseases.<br/>- A reduction of eye diseases.<br/>- Less health hazards for pregnant women and infants.<br/>- Relief for HIV/Aids patients and families through reduced respiratory ailments, improved nutrition, and hot water for hygiene purposes.<br/>- Reduced risk of accidental burns especially for children through provision of safer stoves and kitchens. | | *A reduction in mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children, through:<br/>- A reduction of respiratory diseases.<br/>- A reduction of eye diseases.<br/>- Less health hazards for pregnant women and infants.<br/>- Relief for HIV/Aids patients and families through reduced respiratory ailments, improved nutrition, and hot water for hygiene purposes.<br/>- Reduced risk of accidental burns especially for children through provision of safer stoves and kitchens. |
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| | *Food processing using energy efficient technologies (like solar dryers) increases agricultural value chains and income generation. | | *Food processing using energy efficient technologies (like solar dryers) increases agricultural value chains and income generation. |
| | *Re-afforestation measures and sustainable wood fuel production can be an additional source of income for farmers. | | *Re-afforestation measures and sustainable wood fuel production can be an additional source of income for farmers. |
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| | Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the MDGs. Efficient cooking stoves in particular can provide some of the most vulnerable people worldwide with access to modern energy.<br/>Creating local markets for efficient cooking stoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces green house gas emissions and saves fuels to prolong environmental resources worldwide. | | Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the MDGs. Efficient cooking stoves in particular can provide some of the most vulnerable people worldwide with access to modern energy.<br/>Creating local markets for efficient cooking stoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces green house gas emissions and saves fuels to prolong environmental resources worldwide. |
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| − | For more information on the priority areas and the promotion of renewable energy for development of the BMZ see: [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/index.html Issues on Energy], and on [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/renewable_energies/biomass/index.html Biomass].<br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] | + | For more information on the priority areas and the promotion of renewable energy for development of the BMZ see: [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/index.html Issues on Energy], and on [http://www.bmz.de/en/what_we_do/issues/energie/renewable_energies/biomass/index.html Biomass]. |
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| | + | <br/>[[Facts on cooking energy#Facts_on_Cooking_Energy|Top of the page]] |
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| | = Lessons Learnt from Improved Cookstove Projects<br/> = | | = Lessons Learnt from Improved Cookstove Projects<br/> = |
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| − | Disseminating improved cookstove is not per se a success story despite the fact that they have several advantages in comparison to traditional cooking technologies. For example, in a recent study of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in India the benefit of providing clean cook stoves to poor households was disappointing. Improved stoves were sold to 2600 households at a subsidized price of 75 US cents, whereas the real price of the stove was 12.50 USD. The usage of these subsidized stoves were lower than expected right from the beginning and declined markedly over time. Households generally did not make maintenance investments (e.g., cleaning the chimney) to keep the stoves operational. Most households continued to use their traditional stove.<br/>Over the time when the improved stove detoriated the use of the traditional stove became more and more dominant. Consequently, the introduction of the improved stove rather soon failed to reduce firewood consumption, indoor-air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Similar results are know from other studies. Therefore, it is important to analyse the reasons, why certain stove projects failed although the new stoves offer major benefits to the households, and to understand the barriers to adoption and proper use. | + | Disseminating improved cookstove is not per se a success story despite the fact that they have several advantages in comparison to traditional cooking technologies. For example, in a recent study of the '''Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)''' in India the benefit of providing clean cook stoves to poor households was disappointing. Improved stoves were sold to 2600 households at a subsidized price of 75 US cents, whereas the real price of the stove was 12.50 USD. The usage of these subsidized stoves were lower than expected right from the beginning and declined markedly over time. Households generally did not make maintenance investments (e.g., cleaning the chimney) to keep the stoves operational. Most households continued to use their traditional stove.<br/>Over the time when the improved stove detoriated the use of the traditional stove became more and more dominant. Consequently, the introduction of the improved stove rather soon failed to reduce firewood consumption, [[Indoor_Air_Pollution_(IAP)|indoor air pollution]] and greenhouse gas emissions. Similar results are know from other studies. Therefore, it is important to analyse the reasons, why certain stove projects failed although the new stoves offer major benefits to the households, and to understand the barriers to adoption and proper use. |
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| | The lessons formulated here contain the essence of long years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production, and dissemination of locally produced improved stoves. They were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.<br/>This analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to ensure that the intended development results were actually achieved. This means that these “lessons learnt“ do not only focus on the planning, development, production, and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability. | | The lessons formulated here contain the essence of long years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production, and dissemination of locally produced improved stoves. They were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.<br/>This analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to ensure that the intended development results were actually achieved. This means that these “lessons learnt“ do not only focus on the planning, development, production, and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability. |
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| − | <br/>'''Planning and policy level''' | + | <br/><u>Planning and policy level</u>: |
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| | *An in-depth feasibility study that looks carefully into the various interrelated aspects (poverty-alleviation, gender, cost-benefit calculations, lifestyle improvement, technical efficiency, environmental impact, policy) that affect the implementation process will be instrumental in assuring adequate planning. | | *An in-depth feasibility study that looks carefully into the various interrelated aspects (poverty-alleviation, gender, cost-benefit calculations, lifestyle improvement, technical efficiency, environmental impact, policy) that affect the implementation process will be instrumental in assuring adequate planning. |
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| − | '''Product Development'''
| + | <u>Product Development</u>: |
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| | *For a product to be acceptable to the users, it has to have high quality standards, i.e. be available, affordable, reliable, and bring measurable advantages in terms of money or time savings, reduction of indoor air pollution or ease of practical use. | | *For a product to be acceptable to the users, it has to have high quality standards, i.e. be available, affordable, reliable, and bring measurable advantages in terms of money or time savings, reduction of indoor air pollution or ease of practical use. |
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| − | '''Dissemination Approach'''
| + | <u>Dissemination Approach</u>: |
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| | *A '''fully commercial approach is the most important step in achieving long-term sustainability'''. It should be practiced from the very beginning wherever possible, unless special circumstances (refugee situations, environmental catastrophes) prevent this option. | | *A '''fully commercial approach is the most important step in achieving long-term sustainability'''. It should be practiced from the very beginning wherever possible, unless special circumstances (refugee situations, environmental catastrophes) prevent this option. |
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| − | '''Marketing and Financing'''
| + | <u>Marketing and Financing</u>: |
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| | *There is a need for '''government or donors to support '''the responsible partner organisations '''for at least five (better ten) years'''. It takes time to overcome old habits and establish new local structures for necessities such as technical and business training, research, promotion, and monitoring activities. The average costs for maintenance services on the other hand should be included in the price of the stove, or there should be set rates for maintenance services. | | *There is a need for '''government or donors to support '''the responsible partner organisations '''for at least five (better ten) years'''. It takes time to overcome old habits and establish new local structures for necessities such as technical and business training, research, promotion, and monitoring activities. The average costs for maintenance services on the other hand should be included in the price of the stove, or there should be set rates for maintenance services. |
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| | [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium]] | | [[Category:Cooking_Energy_Compendium]] |
| | [[Category:Improved_Cooking]] | | [[Category:Improved_Cooking]] |
| − | [[Category:Lessons_Learned]] | + | [[Category:Millennium_Development_Goals_(MDGs)]] |
| | [[Category:GIZ]] | | [[Category:GIZ]] |
| − | [[Category:Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)]] | + | [[Category:Lessons_Learned]] |
To achieve this goal, an additional 500 000 people have to get access to improved cooking energy services every day. The sustainable and clean use of biomass energy for cooking contributes directly to achieving all Millennium Development Goals (see table below). It is thus of high political and social relevance to the development process.
During the UN High Level Plenary Meeting in September 2010, a follow-up resolution to the outcome of the Millennium Summit was adopted. In this additional document, several issues relating to energy access, security, clean and renewable energy, etc. are set forth, emphazising the importance of energy for sustainable development. (See §46, 373, §77f, §77k, §68u for energy related aspects of the MDGs.)
Since 2010, cooking energy has become more visible on the international agenda. Decentralized basic energy services have gained importance, and not just because of oil prices increases. It will be difficult to reach rural and poor populations in many countries with only national electricity grids. Wood and other biomass energy are more realistics and therefore, their relevance is becoming more ackowledged.
The UN Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change calls for two additional goals to be reached by the international community by 2030: universal access to modern energy services and improved energy efficiency.
Paragraph 3.6 (Ensuring Access to Vital Resources) stresses the importance of sustainable energy policies. Special emphasis is put on those dealing with energy efficiency and renewable energies for reducing poverty. The German government commits itself to supporting its partner countries with regard to energy generation and energy supplies for poor rural areas. These locations are remote from the national grid and thus require renewable energy sources (e.g., biomass, solar energy, wind) and an enabling environment to facilitate poor people's access to efficient, grid-based electricity.
Sustainable access to energy and its efficient use plays a role in several chapters of Section II of the Agenda. These chapters relate to the conservation and management of resources for development (especially chapters 9, 11, 14).
-> Download of the Agenda 21 (UN)
The PRSP Sourcebook (World Bank) assists countries in preparation of poverty reduction strategies. Annex Q ‘Energy: Technical Note’ provides a suggested structure for presenting energy/poverty linkages and sector goals in preparing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Especially under the sections ‘Social Sector Development’, and ‘Natural Resources and the Environment’, the role of firewood for cooking is highlighted. Gender aspects, management of forest resources, and access to energy are the core issues highlighted in respect of cooking energy, and indicators such as availability and costs of improved cookstoves, and time collecting firewood are given. Potential energy strategies, including promotion of improved stoves through micro credit schemes and policies for sustainable forest use and management by communities, are discussed. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) by country
More and more regional and national organisations are developing policies relevant to cooking energy.
The white paper aims at prioritising access to energy in the national PRSPs of the West African member states.
A "Regional Strategy on Scaling-Up Access to Modern Energy Services" EAC (East African Community countries—Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania) has been prepared with assistance from the UNDP and GIZ. The Strategy aims at facilitating achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and poverty reduction by developing MDG-based energy access investments in the framework of High Impact Low Cost Scalable options for four target areas including access to modern cooking practices for 50% of traditional biomass users and access to reliable modern energy services for all urban and peri-urban poor.
A very encouraging example of what can be achieved through the combination of political will, funding for implementation, and technical assistance is the national campaign in Peru:
Access to modern cooking energy contributes to all of the priority sectors of the German Development Cooperation.
The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) will focus its cooperation in the future on the following sectors: education, health, rural development, good governance, and sustainable economic development.
Clean and efficient cooking energy specifically contributes to these sectors in the following ways:
Access to energy contributes to reducing poverty in a sustainable manner and therefore helps to reach the MDGs. Efficient cooking stoves in particular can provide some of the most vulnerable people worldwide with access to modern energy.
Creating local markets for efficient cooking stoves leads to structural changes within the region, but it also affects global challenges. Increasing energy efficiency reduces green house gas emissions and saves fuels to prolong environmental resources worldwide.
For more information on the priority areas and the promotion of renewable energy for development of the BMZ see: Issues on Energy, and on Biomass.
Disseminating improved cookstove is not per se a success story despite the fact that they have several advantages in comparison to traditional cooking technologies. For example, in a recent study of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in India the benefit of providing clean cook stoves to poor households was disappointing. Improved stoves were sold to 2600 households at a subsidized price of 75 US cents, whereas the real price of the stove was 12.50 USD. The usage of these subsidized stoves were lower than expected right from the beginning and declined markedly over time. Households generally did not make maintenance investments (e.g., cleaning the chimney) to keep the stoves operational. Most households continued to use their traditional stove.
Over the time when the improved stove detoriated the use of the traditional stove became more and more dominant. Consequently, the introduction of the improved stove rather soon failed to reduce firewood consumption, indoor air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Similar results are know from other studies. Therefore, it is important to analyse the reasons, why certain stove projects failed although the new stoves offer major benefits to the households, and to understand the barriers to adoption and proper use.
The lessons formulated here contain the essence of long years of GIZ experience in assistance to development, production, and dissemination of locally produced improved stoves. They were crucial in the development of GIZ’s current approaches.
This analysis includes impact assessment studies of projects practising “results based monitoring” in order to ensure that the intended development results were actually achieved. This means that these “lessons learnt“ do not only focus on the planning, development, production, and dissemination of improved cook stoves, but also provide an analysis of the effectiveness of the monitoring system in order to improve and speed up the dissemination process in the future. Many of these ‘lessons learnt’ may sound obvious, but they are essential to provide long-term sustainability.
