Revision as of 08:18, 15 November 2013

South Africa
Flag of South Africa			South Africa Location
Capital			Pretoria
Official Languages(s)			11 Official languages with Zulu being the most spoken language
Government			Democratic Republic
President			Jacob Zuma^[1]
Total Area '( km²)'			1211037^[2]
Population			52981991^[3]
Rural Population			(year)
GDP (Nominal)			US $ 471178 Billion (2011)^[4]
GDP Per Capita			US $ (year)
Currency			Rand
Time Zone			UTC/GMT +2 hours
Electricity Generation			TWh/year (year)
Access to Electricity			75 %
Wind energy (installed capacity)			MW (year)
Solar Energy (installed capacity)			MW (year)

Overview

The South African energy supply is dominated by coal.

•Coal supplies 65.7% of the primary energy*

•Followed by crude oil with 21.6%

•Renewable and wastes with 7.6 %

•Gas with 2.8%

•Nuclear 0.4%

•Hydro 0.1%^[5]

*Primary Energy: an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process to become electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel

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South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8

Economy General

1 Euro ~ 11 south African Rand (ZAR).
GDP ~ 3080 Billion ZAR ~ 280 Billion Euro.
Exports amounted to 24% of GDP in 2010.
Large and active stock exchange that ranks 17th in the world.^[6]
Active member of BRICS
BRICS is an international political organisation of leading emerging economies with a developing middle income status and it comprises of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Hydropower

Till date hydropower contributes only 0.1% of the South African Energy supply.^[7]

The Baseline Study on Hydropower in South Africa, an assessment conducted by the DME in 2002, indicated that specific areas in the country show significant potential for the development of all categories of hydropower in the short and medium term.

The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa.

The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) allows the free trading of electricity between Southern African Development Community (SADC) member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Congo River (Inga Falls).^[8]

Solar Energy

Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day.

The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. ^[9]

Market Entry Barrier

There are no particular barriers for entering the market but following Steps need to be followed for setting up a Solar Power Plant/Project:

Application-Department of Energy(DOE) invite Potential developers to submit their application/ proposals
Allotment -DOE with then assign a particular developer for the project after considering thier prices, proposals etc. It is a confidential process within DOE.
PPA-The successful bidders / developer then signs Power Purchase agreement (PPA) with Eskom(South africa biggest utility).
Land Acquisition
EPC- The sucessful bidder/project owner/ developer then hire an Engineering, Procurement and Constrcution (EPC) company for sucessful implementation of the project.
Commissioning- EPC handover the project to the owner after commisoning of the project and connecting it to the Grid .

Biomass

Biogas

Wind Energy

South Africa has an excellent wind resource which is dispersed geographically.

Cost of wind power already competitive with New coal and shall reach grid parity by 2016/2017^[10]

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Geothermal Energy

Fossil Fuels

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

Important Laws and Regulations

Specific Strategies

(Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy, Poverty Reduction Strategy etc.)

Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector

Activities of Donors and Implementing Agencies

Further Information

References

↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa
↑ Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR
↑ Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africafckLRUS Department of State – Background note South Africa, fckLRhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htmfckLR
↑ http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pd
↑ http://bit.ly/18o4fqP
↑ http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html
↑ South Africa Wind power Potential by Dr. Kilian Hagemann.

[0] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[1] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[2] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[3] ttp://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa

[4] Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR

[5] Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africafckLRUS Department of State – Background note South Africa, fckLRhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htmfckLR

[6] ttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pd

[7] ttp://bit.ly/18o4fqP

[8] ttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html

[9] South Africa Wind power Potential by Dr. Kilian Hagemann.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Political Stability'''
+| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Government'''
 | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Democratic Republic
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Climate Zone'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Tropical (Tropical wet and dry)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Temperature Range (<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">⁰C</span>)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | 25°C is the average temperature during Summers(November to March) and 10°C is the average lowest temperature during winters(June to August)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Altitude(s) (m above MSL)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Lowest altitude is 0 m(Sea level) and highest is 3450m
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Government'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | <br/>
 |-
 | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''President'''
@@ Line 65: / Line 53: @@
 | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)'''
 | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | MW (year)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Literacy Rate'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | 89 %
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''South African currency against Euro'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | <div>1 Euro ~ 11 South African Rand (ZAR)</div>
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" |
-'''Government and Public Authorities (having Jurisdiction)'''<br/>
-<br/>
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" |
-NERSA ( National energy regulator of South Africa)
-DoE (Department of Energy)
-DWEA (Department of water and Environmental affairs)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Institutes (research etc)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" |
-SABS (South Africa Bureau of Standards)<br/>
-SANEDI ( South Africa National Energy Development Institute)
-SANERI (South Africa National Energy Research Institute)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Usable land area for PV <span style="line-height: 21px;">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px;">)</span>'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | 1062665(87% of Total land Area)
-|-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Seismic activity'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | The south-western Cape has one of the highest levels of seismicity in South Africa.Historically, the most severe earthquake of magnitude 6.3 occurred on 29 September 1969 in Ceres, 100 km northeast of Cape Town. The event resulted in 12 lost lives and numerous damaged buildings in the town of Tulbagh. On 4 September 1809, a seismic event estimated at magnitude 6.3, occurred at the Milnerton Fault, a mere 10km from Cape Town CBD and the location of the Cape Town Stadium.
 |}
@@ Line 108: / Line 62: @@
 <div style="clear: both;"></div>
 = Overview<br/> =
-<div>The South African energy supply is dominated by coal.</div><div><br/></div><div>•Coal supplies 65.7% of the primary energy*</div><div><br/></div><div>•Followed by crude oil with 21.6%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Renewable and wastes with 7.6 %</div><div><br/></div><div>•Gas with 2.8%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Nuclear 0.4%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Hydro 0.1%<ref>Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR</ref><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">*Primary </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Energy: </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">an </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy form found in nature that has not been subjected </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">any conversion or transformation process </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to become electrical </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">fuel</span></div><div><br/></div><div>[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|left|450px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8]]<br/></div><div><br/></div>
+<div>The South African energy supply is dominated by coal.</div><div><br/></div><div>•Coal supplies 65.7% of the primary energy*</div><div><br/></div><div>•Followed by crude oil with 21.6%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Renewable and wastes with 7.6 %</div><div><br/></div><div>•Gas with 2.8%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Nuclear 0.4%</div><div><br/></div><div>•Hydro 0.1%<ref>Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR</ref><br/></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">*Primary </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Energy: </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">an </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy form found in nature that has not been subjected </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">any conversion or transformation process </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to become electrical </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy</span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen </span><span style="line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 32, 96); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">fuel</span></div><div><br/></div><div>[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|center|250px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8]]<br/></div><div><br/></div>
 = Economy General<br/> =
@@ Line 125: / Line 79: @@
 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Baseline Study on Hydropower in South Africa, an assessment conducted by the DME in 2002, indicated that specific areas in the country show significant potential for the development of all categories of hydropower in the short and medium term.</span>
+<br/>
 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa.</span>
+<br/>
 The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) allows the free trading of electricity between Southern African Development Community (SADC) member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Congo River (Inga Falls).<ref>http://bit.ly/18o4fqP</ref>
+<br/>
 == Solar Energy ==
@@ Line 141: / Line 101: @@
 There are no particular barriers for entering the market but following Steps need to be followed for setting up a Solar Power Plant/Project:<br/>
+#Application-Department of Energy(DOE) invite Potential developers to submit their application/ proposals
+#Allotment -DOE with then assign a particular developer for the project after considering thier prices, proposals etc. It is a confidential process within DOE.
+#PPA-The successful bidders / developer then signs Power Purchase agreement (PPA) with Eskom(South africa biggest utility).
+#Land Acquisition
+#EPC- The sucessful bidder/project owner/ developer then hire an Engineering, Procurement and Constrcution (EPC) company for sucessful implementation of the project.
+#Commissioning- EPC handover the project to the owner after commisoning of the project and connecting it to the Grid .
-.Application-Department of Energy(DOE) invite Potential developers to submit their application/ proposals<br/>
+<br/>
-<br/>2.Allotment -DOE with then assign a particular developer for the project after considering thier prices, proposals etc. It is a confidential process within DOE.<br/>
+== Biomass ==
-<br/>3.PPA-The successful bidders / developer then signs Power Purchase agreement (PPA) with Eskom(South africa biggest utility).<br/>
+<br/>
-<br/>4.Land Acquisition<br/>
+== <span data-scayt_word="biogas" data-scaytid="48">Biogas</span> ==
-<br/>5.EPC- The sucessful bidder/project owner/ developer then hire an Engineering, Procurement and Constrcution (EPC) company for sucessful implementation of the project.<br/>
+<br/>
-<br/>6.Commissioning- EPC handover the project to the owner after commisoning of the project and connecting it to the Grid .
-== Biomass ==
-== <span data-scayt_word="biogas" data-scaytid="48">Biogas</span> ==
 == Wind Energy ==
@@ Line 163: / Line 123: @@
 Cost of wind power already competitive with New coal and shall reach grid parity by 2016/2017<ref>South Africa Wind power Potential by Dr. Kilian Hagemann.</ref>
-[[File:South Africa wind Map.jpg|left|500px|South Africa Wind Map|alt=South Africa Wind Map]]<br/>
 <br/>
-[[File:South Africa wind potential.jpg|center|500px|South Africa Wind Potential]]
+[[File:South Africa wind Map.jpg|center|400px|South Africa Wind Map|alt=South Africa Wind Map]]<br/>
 <br/>
-<br/>
+[[File:South Africa wind potential.jpg|center|400px|South Africa Wind Potential|alt=South Africa Wind Potential]]
 <br/>
@@ Line 179: / Line 137: @@
 <br/>
+== Geothermal Energy ==
 <br/>
-== Geothermal Energy ==
 <br/>
@@ Line 228: / Line 186: @@
 <br/>
-[[Category:South_Africa]]
 [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
+[[Category:South_Africa]]

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South Africa Energy Situation

Revision as of 08:18, 15 November 2013

Contents

Overview

Economy General

Hydropower

Solar Energy

Market Entry Barrier

Biomass

Biogas

Wind Energy

Geothermal Energy

Fossil Fuels

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

Important Laws and Regulations

Specific Strategies

Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector

Activities of Donors and Implementing Agencies

Further Information

References

Log in / create account

Community

About

Help

Contact

Search

Main Page

About energypedia

Technologies

Energy Use

Cross Cutting Issues

energypedia consult

Search

Toolbox

Namespaces

Variants

Views

Actions

South Africa Energy Situation

Revision as of 08:18, 15 November 2013

Contents

Overview

Economy General

Hydropower

Solar Energy

Market Entry Barrier

Biomass

Biogas

Wind Energy

Geothermal Energy

Fossil Fuels

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

Important Laws and Regulations

Specific Strategies

Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector

Activities of Donors and Implementing Agencies

Further Information

References