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| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px" | + | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | ! style="width: 602px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" colspan="4" scope="col" | <font color="#ffffff" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px">Republic of Ghana</span></font> | + | ! style="width: 602px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" colspan="4" scope="col" | <font color="#ffffff" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px">Republic of Ghana</span></font> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | [[File:Ghana new map.png|center|180px|Flag of Ghana|alt=Flag of _____.png]] | + | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | [[File:Ghana new map.png|center|180px|Flag of Ghana|alt=Flag of _____.png]] |
| − | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:800px-LocationGhana.svg.png|center|180px|Ghana Location|alt=Location _______.png]] | + | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:800px-LocationGhana.svg.png|center|180px|Ghana Location|alt=Location _______.png]] |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Capital''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Capital''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Accra (5° 33′ 0″ N, 0° 15′ 0″ W) | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Accra (5° 33′ 0″ N, 0° 15′ 0″ W) |
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Official Languages(s)''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Official Languages(s)''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | |
| | English | | English |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Government''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Government''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Constitutional Presidential Republic | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Constitutional Presidential Republic |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''President''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''President''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Dr. John Dramani Mahama | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Dr. John Dramani Mahama |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 238,535 | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 238,535 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Population''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Population''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 24,233,431 (2010 estimate) | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 24,233,431 (2010 estimate) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Rural Population''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Rural Population''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | (year) | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | (year) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP (Nominal)''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP (Nominal)''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $50 billion (2014 estimate)<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $50 billion (2014 estimate)<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP Per Capita''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP Per Capita''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $1,902.9<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $1,902.9<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Currency''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Currency''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Ghana cedi (GH₵) (GHS) | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Ghana cedi (GH₵) (GHS) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Time Zone''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Time Zone''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px"><font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span">GMT (UTC0)<br/>Summer (DST) GMT (UTC0)</font></span></font> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px"><font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span">GMT (UTC0)<br/>Summer (DST) GMT (UTC0)</font></span></font> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Calling Code''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Calling Code''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | +233 | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | +233 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Electricity Generation''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Electricity Generation''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 12,164 <span data-scayt_word="twh" data-scaytid="5">GWh</span>/year (2012)<ref>Energy Commission, Ghana: 2013 Energy Outlook for Ghana. Accessed on 25 February 2014 at http://www.energycom.gov.gh/files/Energy%20Commission%20-%202013%20Energy%20Outlook%20for%20Ghana.pdf</ref><br/> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 12,164 <span data-scayt_word="twh" data-scaytid="5">GWh</span>/year (2012)<ref>Energy Commission, Ghana: 2013 Energy Outlook for Ghana. Accessed on 25 February 2014 at http://www.energycom.gov.gh/files/Energy%20Commission%20-%202013%20Energy%20Outlook%20for%20Ghana.pdf</ref><br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Access to Electricity''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Access to Electricity''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 75 percent (2014 estimate)<br/> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 75 percent (2014 estimate)<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)<br/> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)''' | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)''' |
| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 2.5 MW (2013)<br/> | + | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 2.5 MW (2013)<br/> |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | = State of Ghana’s Electricity Sector<br/> = | + | = Electricity Situation<br/> = |
| | | | |
| | The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.<br/> | | The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == Installed Generation Capacity in Ghana<br/> == | + | == Installed Generation Capacity<br/> == |
| | | | |
| | Ghana’s electricity generation has traditionally been dominated by hydro assets; however, in recent years hydro has been complemented by fossil fuel generation to meet rapidly growing demand. Total installed capacity to date is about 2,703.5MW. 50 percent of installed capacity comes from hydropower installations, with the rest coming from thermal plants burning Natural Gas (NG), Light Crude Oil (LCO), or diesel. The generating units are owned and operated primarily by the Volta River Authority (VRA); however, some IPPs have begun to enter the market.<br/> | | Ghana’s electricity generation has traditionally been dominated by hydro assets; however, in recent years hydro has been complemented by fossil fuel generation to meet rapidly growing demand. Total installed capacity to date is about 2,703.5MW. 50 percent of installed capacity comes from hydropower installations, with the rest coming from thermal plants burning Natural Gas (NG), Light Crude Oil (LCO), or diesel. The generating units are owned and operated primarily by the Volta River Authority (VRA); however, some IPPs have begun to enter the market.<br/> |
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| | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center" style="width: 805px" | | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" align="center" style="width: 805px" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | '''Name''' | | '''Name''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | '''Owner''' | | '''Owner''' |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | '''Phase Out (Year)''' | | '''Phase Out (Year)''' |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | '''Installed Capacity (MW)''' | | '''Installed Capacity (MW)''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | '''Reliable Capacity (MW)''' | | '''Reliable Capacity (MW)''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | '''Fuel 1''' | | '''Fuel 1''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | '''Fuel 2''' | | '''Fuel 2''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Akosombo<br/> | | Akosombo<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | VRA | | VRA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2065 | | 2065 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 1020 | | 1020 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 900 | | 900 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | Hydro | | Hydro |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Kpong | | Kpong |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | VRA | | VRA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2042 | | 2042 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 160 | | 160 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 140 | | 140 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | Hydro | | Hydro |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | BUI | | BUI |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | BPA | | BPA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2065 | | 2065 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 260 | | 260 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 120 | | 120 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | Hydro | | Hydro |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Aboadze T1 | | Aboadze T1 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | VRA | | VRA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2011 | | 2011 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 330 | | 330 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 300 | | 300 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | LCO | | LCO |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Aboadze T2 (TICo) | | Aboadze T2 (TICo) |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | IPP<ref>Operated by VRA</ref><br/> | | IPP<ref>Operated by VRA</ref><br/> |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2013 | | 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 220 | | 220 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 220 | | 220 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | LCO | | LCO |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Tema TT1PP | | Tema TT1PP |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | VRA | | VRA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2014 | | 2014 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 126 | | 126 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 110 | | 110 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | LCO | | LCO |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | TEMA TT2PP | | TEMA TT2PP |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | IPP<ref>VRA has a ten percent stake in Aboadze 2</ref> | | IPP<ref>VRA has a ten percent stake in Aboadze 2</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2035 | | 2035 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 49.5 | | 49.5 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 45 | | 45 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | Diesel | | Diesel |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | OSONOR (CENIT) | | OSONOR (CENIT) |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | IPP | | IPP |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2037 | | 2037 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 126 | | 126 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 120 | | 120 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | LCO | | LCO |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Tokaradi 3 | | Tokaradi 3 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | VRA | | VRA |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2038 | | 2038 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 132 | | 132 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 120 | | 120 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | LCO | | LCO |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Tema Mine Reserve Plant | | Tema Mine Reserve Plant |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | IPP<ref>VRA has a ten percent stake in Aboadze 2</ref> | | IPP<ref>VRA has a ten percent stake in Aboadze 2</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2032 | | 2032 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 80 | | 80 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 40 | | 40 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | Diesel | | Diesel |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:142px" | |
| | Sunon Asogli | | Sunon Asogli |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | IPP | | IPP |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:69px" | |
| | 2035 | | 2035 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:95px" | |
| | 200 | | 200 |
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| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:99px" | |
| | 180 | | 180 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:60px" | |
| | NG | | NG |
| | | | |
| − | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | | + | | style="white-space: nowrap; width:54px" | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| Line 370: |
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| | VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer | | VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| Line 386: |
Line 386: |
| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| Line 403: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Kunateh, M. “Gov’t Cenpower Sign Agreement.” The Chronicle, November 27, 2012 Accessed on January 13, 2014 at: [http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/ http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Kunateh, M. “Gov’t Cenpower Sign Agreement.” The Chronicle, November 27, 2012 Accessed on January 13, 2014 at: [http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/ http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/] |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Transmission and Distribution Network == | | == Transmission and Distribution Network == |
| Line 425: |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Electricity Company of Ghana === | | === Electricity Company of Ghana === |
| Line 443: |
Line 443: |
| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana === | | === Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana === |
| Line 452: |
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| | <div id="ftn1"> | | <div id="ftn1"> |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “About Us.” NEDCo Accessed on January 10, 2014 at: [http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “About Us.” NEDCo Accessed on January 10, 2014 at: [http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php] |
| | + | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="ftn2"> |
| | + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | + | </div></div> |
| | + | == Demand vs Supply of Electricity<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | Over the last two decades the demand for electricity has been growing by 10-15 percent annually. The expanding commercial and industrial sectors are, together with the high population growth, the main drivers of electricity demand. Current demand forecasts project that electricity demand will continue to grow at least seven percent per year. |
| | + | |
| | + | On the supply side, the power sector has consistently fallen short of capacity targets. In 2008, the Ghanaian Minister of Energy set a target of 3500MW of installed capacity by 2013.[[#_ftn1|[1]]] At the end of 2013, the Ghanaian grid had 2,703.5MW of installed capacity, 200MW of which is idled due to a shortage of natui, and only 2295MW of dependable power. Assuming a reasonable reserve margin of 20 percent, Ghana would have required 2500MW of installed capacity in 2013.[[#_ftn2|[2]]] Absent significant investments, the shortfalls will continue and become more severe. |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
| |
| − | = Key Challenges in the Energy Sector<br/> =
| |
| | | | |
| − | The electricity infrastructure in Ghana is not developed to its potential because of pressure on both the supply and demand sides. One study concluded that between 2013 and 2023 the Ghanaian power sector requires US$4 billion in investment to upgrade the transmission, distribution, and generation assets of the system.[[#_ftn1|[1]]] The electricity sector faces several key challenges:
| + | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]]<span style="line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 0.85em;">Speech by the Minister of Energy in 2008</span> |
| − | *'''Demand in outstripping electricity supply—'''this results in frequent load shedding and blackouts when demand exceeds available supply
| + | <div><div id="ftn2"> |
| − | *'''The transmission system is in poor condition'''—outdated transmission equipment can become overloaded during periods of high demand
| + | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> |
| − | *'''The distribution companies do not recover costs through tariffs'''—as a result the distribution companies are not able to pay transmission and generation companies, limiting funds available for investment.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | At present, the Ghanaian power sector cannot meet demand for electricity. An interruption in the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) has contributed to this problem. Poor rainfall in past years has also limited the capacity of Ghana’s large hydro generation units leading to blackouts.<br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | Furthermore, the interruption in the WAGP has led to replacing natural gas with expensive light crude oil (LCO) in plants that can burn either NG or LCO. This has increased costs around US$27 million per month. This additional cost is not recovered through tariffs, increasing the distribution companies’ losses. In turn, this limits the funds available for investments in new generation and transmission system upgrades.[[#_ftn2|[2]]]<br/>
| + | == Key Challenge in the Electricity sector == |
| | + | |
| | + | === The transmission and distribution systems are in poor condition<br/> === |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | Much of the country’s high voltage transmission system is ageing badly, and is increasingly unreliable. The majority of Ghana’s transmission system was built in the decades ago. The transmission system has not been significantly upgraded since construction. As a result, in recent years the transmission infrastructure has caused several total system collapses.[[#_ftn1|[1]]] The risk of outages remains significant as electricity demand continues to rise.<br/> |
| | <div> | | <div> |
| | ---- | | ---- |
| | <div id="ftn1"> | | <div id="ftn1"> |
| − | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Investment Opportunities in the Power Sector.” Ghana Ministry of Energy, January 2012 | + | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Tractabel Engineering. “Transmission System Master Plan for Ghana.” GridCo., February 2011 |
| − | </div><div id="ftn2"> | + | </div></div> |
| − | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − | </div></div>
| |
| − | == Demand is outstripping electricity supply<br/> ==
| |
| | | | |
| − | Over the last two decades the demand for electricity has been growing by 10-15 percent annually. The expanding commercial and industrial sectors are, together with the high population growth, the main drivers of electricity demand. Current demand forecasts project that electricity demand will continue to grow at least seven percent per year.
| + | === The transmission and distribution company do not recover costs through tariffs<br/> === |
| − | | + | <div><div id="ftn1">The electricity distribution sub-sector suffers from poor commercial and operational performance. Ghana’s two distribution companies do not recover their cost of distributing electricity through established electricity tariffs. In addition, high losses due to old and overloaded networks in many areas; and problems with metering, billing, electricity theft, and inadequate revenue collection generate additional losses for the distribution companies. This leads the distribution companies to fall behind on payments to the transmission grid and power generators.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]<div><br/> |
| − | On the supply side, the power sector has consistently fallen short of capacity targets. In 2008, the Ghanaian Minister of Energy set a target of 3500MW of installed capacity by 2013.[[#_ftn1|[1]]] At the end of 2013, the Ghanaian grid had 2,703.5MW of installed capacity, 200MW of which is idled due to a shortage of natui, and only 2295MW of dependable power. Assuming a reasonable reserve margin of 20 percent, Ghana would have required 2500MW of installed capacity in 2013.[[#_ftn2|[2]]] Absent significant investments, the shortfalls will continue and become more severe.<br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/> | + | |
| − | <div>
| + | |
| | ---- | | ---- |
| | <div id="ftn1"> | | <div id="ftn1"> |
| − | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Speech by the Minister of Energy in 2008 | + | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| − | </div><div id="ftn2">
| + | |
| − | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/>
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | + | = Key Challenges in the Energy Sector = |
| | | | |
| − | == The transmission and distribution systems are in poor condition<br/> == | + | The electricity infrastructure in Ghana is not developed to its potential because of pressure on both the supply and demand sides. One study concluded that between 2013 and 2023 the Ghanaian power sector requires US$4 billion in investment to upgrade the transmission, distribution, and generation assets of the system.[https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Ghana_Energy_Situation&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg#_ftn1 [1]] The electricity sector faces several key challenges: |
| | + | *'''Demand in outstripping electricity supply—'''this results in frequent load shedding and blackouts when demand exceeds available supply |
| | + | *'''The transmission system is in poor condition'''—outdated transmission equipment can become overloaded during periods of high demand |
| | + | *'''The distribution companies do not recover costs through tariffs'''—as a result the distribution companies are not able to pay transmission and generation companies, limiting funds available for investment. |
| | | | |
| − | Much of the country’s high voltage transmission system is ageing badly, and is increasingly unreliable. The majority of Ghana’s transmission system was built in the decades ago. The transmission system has not been significantly upgraded since construction. As a result, in recent years the transmission infrastructure has caused several total system collapses.[[#_ftn1|[1]]] The risk of outages remains significant as electricity demand continues to rise.<br/>
| + | At present, the Ghanaian power sector cannot meet demand for electricity. An interruption in the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) has contributed to this problem. Poor rainfall in past years has also limited the capacity of Ghana’s large hydro generation units leading to blackouts.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | Furthermore, the interruption in the WAGP has led to replacing natural gas with expensive light crude oil (LCO) in plants that can burn either NG or LCO. This has increased costs around US$27 million per month. This additional cost is not recovered through tariffs, increasing the distribution companies’ losses. In turn, this limits the funds available for investments in new generation and transmission system upgrades.[https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Ghana_Energy_Situation&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg#_ftn2 [2]]<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | <div> | | <div> |
| | ---- | | ---- |
| | <div id="ftn1"> | | <div id="ftn1"> |
| − | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Tractabel Engineering. “Transmission System Master Plan for Ghana.” GridCo., February 2011<br/> | + | [https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Ghana_Energy_Situation&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg#_ftnref1 [1]] “Investment Opportunities in the Power Sector.” Ghana Ministry of Energy, January 2012 |
| − | | + | </div><div id="ftn2"> |
| | + | [https://energypedia.info/index.php?title=Ghana_Energy_Situation&action=edit&mode=wysiwyg#_ftnref2 [2]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | + | </div></div></div></div> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − | </div></div>
| |
| | | | |
| | + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == The transmission and distribution company do not recover costs through tariffs<br/> == | + | = Institutional Set up = |
| − | <div><div id="ftn1">The electricity distribution sub-sector suffers from poor commercial and operational performance. Ghana’s two distribution companies do not recover their cost of distributing electricity through established electricity tariffs. In addition, high losses due to old and overloaded networks in many areas; and problems with metering, billing, electricity theft, and inadequate revenue collection generate additional losses for the distribution companies. This leads the distribution companies to fall behind on payments to the transmission grid and power generators.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]<div><br/>
| + | |
| − | ----
| + | |
| − | <div id="ftn1">
| + | |
| − | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013
| + | |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − | </div></div>
| |
| − | = Electricity Sector Governance<br/> =
| |
| | | | |
| | The electricity sector is overseen by three interrelated institutions. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (the Ministry) and the Energy Commission (EC) are government agencies. The Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC) is a government funded independent regulator.<br/> | | The electricity sector is overseen by three interrelated institutions. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (the Ministry) and the Energy Commission (EC) are government agencies. The Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC) is a government funded independent regulator.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | == Ministry of Energy and Petroleum<br/> == | | == Ministry of Energy and Petroleum<br/> == |
| Line 527: |
Line 532: |
| | | | |
| | In addition, in 2010 the Ministry established a directorate to focus exclusively on developing and promoting renewable energy generation in Ghana.<br/> | | In addition, in 2010 the Ministry established a directorate to focus exclusively on developing and promoting renewable energy generation in Ghana.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Energy Commission<br/> == | | == Energy Commission<br/> == |
| Line 545: |
Line 552: |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Commission Act (Act 541).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Commission Act (Act 541).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Public Utilities Regulatory Commission<br/> == | | == Public Utilities Regulatory Commission<br/> == |
| Line 560: |
Line 567: |
| | <div id="ftn1"> | | <div id="ftn1"> |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Public Utilities Regulatory Commission Act (Act 538).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Public Utilities Regulatory Commission Act (Act 538).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Energy Foundation<br/> == | | == Energy Foundation<br/> == |
| Line 565: |
Line 574: |
| | The Energy Foundation Ghana is a non-profit, public-private partnership institution. It is devoted to promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy as a key strategy to managing Ghana’s growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. It was established in November 1997 by the Private Enterprise Foundation in collaboration with the Government of Ghana to promote sustainable development and efficient consumption of energy in all of its forms in Ghana. | | The Energy Foundation Ghana is a non-profit, public-private partnership institution. It is devoted to promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy as a key strategy to managing Ghana’s growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. It was established in November 1997 by the Private Enterprise Foundation in collaboration with the Government of Ghana to promote sustainable development and efficient consumption of energy in all of its forms in Ghana. |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| − | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
| + | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> |
| | = Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework<br/> = | | = Policy, Legal, and Regulatory Framework<br/> = |
| | | | |
| Line 613: |
Line 622: |
| | | | |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <br/></div><div><br/></div></div></div> | + | <br/> </div><div>[[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]]</div><div><br/></div></div></div> |
| | === Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan (2010)<br/> === | | === Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan (2010)<br/> === |
| | | | |
| Line 632: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan.” Ministry of Energy. February, 2010<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan.” Ministry of Energy. February, 2010<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy<br/> === | | === ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy<br/> === |
| Line 648: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “The ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy” ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. September, 2012<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “The ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy” ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. September, 2012<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Sustainable Energy for All Policy<br/> === | | === Sustainable Energy for All Policy<br/> === |
| Line 658: |
Line 667: |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Ghana Country Action Plan for Sustainable Energy for All.” United Nations. June, 2012<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Ghana Country Action Plan for Sustainable Energy for All.” United Nations. June, 2012<br/> |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
| | == Law<br/> == | | == Law<br/> == |
| Line 674: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Company of Ghana,” Institute of Developong Economies Japan External Trade Organization. Accessed January 15, 2014 at: [http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Company of Ghana,” Institute of Developong Economies Japan External Trade Organization. Accessed January 15, 2014 at: [http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html] |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Renewable Energy Act (2011) === | | === Renewable Energy Act (2011) === |
| Line 694: |
Line 703: |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Renewable Energy Act (Act 832).” Ghanaian Parliament. 2011 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Renewable Energy Act (Act 832).” Ghanaian Parliament. 2011 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
| | == Regulation<br/> == | | == Regulation<br/> == |
| Line 708: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “National Electricity Grid Code.” Energy Commission. October, 2009 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “National Electricity Grid Code.” Energy Commission. October, 2009 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === National Electricity Distribution Code (Draft) === | | === National Electricity Distribution Code (Draft) === |
| Line 718: |
Line 727: |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Draft National Electricity Distribution Code.” Energy Commission. November, 2013 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Draft National Electricity Distribution Code.” Energy Commission. November, 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines (1999) === | | === Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines (1999) === |
| Line 733: |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines.” PURC. December, 1999 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines.” PURC. December, 1999 |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div></div></div> |
| | = Donors and Donor Activities<br/> = | | = Donors and Donor Activities<br/> = |
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| | In the oil and gas sector, a number of donors are providing both finanacial as well as technical support to the Government of Ghana through her implementing agencies. These include UK/DFID (Ghana Accountability and Responsiveness Initiative), Germany/GIZ (Good Financial Governance Programme), Norway (Oil for Development - resource and environmental management, local content), the World Bank (Oil and Gas Capacity Building Project), China Development Bank (Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project), USAID (TA for gas regulation), MCC (TA for gas policy).<br/> | | In the oil and gas sector, a number of donors are providing both finanacial as well as technical support to the Government of Ghana through her implementing agencies. These include UK/DFID (Ghana Accountability and Responsiveness Initiative), Germany/GIZ (Good Financial Governance Programme), Norway (Oil for Development - resource and environmental management, local content), the World Bank (Oil and Gas Capacity Building Project), China Development Bank (Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project), USAID (TA for gas regulation), MCC (TA for gas policy).<br/> |
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| | == Electricity<br/> == | | == Electricity<br/> == |
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| | Germany via GIZ supports the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Act of 2011 through advisory services on grid-connected renewable energy, in particular regarding the procurement strategy for utility-scale solar and wind capacity, the renewable energy Purchase Obligation for electricity bulk customers and utilities, the renewable energy licencing regime, a Grid Integration Study and Transmission Reinforcement Study for variable renewables, the renewable energy Grid Code and regarding the Net-Metering Code. | | Germany via GIZ supports the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Act of 2011 through advisory services on grid-connected renewable energy, in particular regarding the procurement strategy for utility-scale solar and wind capacity, the renewable energy Purchase Obligation for electricity bulk customers and utilities, the renewable energy licencing regime, a Grid Integration Study and Transmission Reinforcement Study for variable renewables, the renewable energy Grid Code and regarding the Net-Metering Code. |
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| | == Biomass == | | == Biomass == |
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| | Food processing in small-scale enterprises is promoted by the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Dutch Government which commissioned the “Energy Poverty and Gender in Agro Processing” project focussing on improved cookstoves for shea butter, pito and parboiled rice production and the establishment of woodlots for these industries (2014-2015). Furthermore in the “Developing Sustainable Energy Value Chains in Fish Smoking Markets in Ghana” project which promotes improved Cookstoves for fish smoking and the sustainable management of mangrove forests (2014-2015). Both programmes are being implemented by SNV. | | Food processing in small-scale enterprises is promoted by the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Dutch Government which commissioned the “Energy Poverty and Gender in Agro Processing” project focussing on improved cookstoves for shea butter, pito and parboiled rice production and the establishment of woodlots for these industries (2014-2015). Furthermore in the “Developing Sustainable Energy Value Chains in Fish Smoking Markets in Ghana” project which promotes improved Cookstoves for fish smoking and the sustainable management of mangrove forests (2014-2015). Both programmes are being implemented by SNV. |
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| | == Donor Coordination<br/> == | | == Donor Coordination<br/> == |
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| | The coordination of donor support takes place within the framework of the Donor Sector Group, established under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) framework. The Energy Sector Working Group meets every other month to coordinate activities within the sector. Donors that are active in the sector group include: Switzerland (Sector Lead in 2013/2014), the World Bank, France (AFD), USA (MCC, USAID), African Development Bank, Japan (JICA), Germany (incl. KfW and GIZ) and KOICA. To a large extent there is division of labour. | | The coordination of donor support takes place within the framework of the Donor Sector Group, established under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) framework. The Energy Sector Working Group meets every other month to coordinate activities within the sector. Donors that are active in the sector group include: Switzerland (Sector Lead in 2013/2014), the World Bank, France (AFD), USA (MCC, USAID), African Development Bank, Japan (JICA), Germany (incl. KfW and GIZ) and KOICA. To a large extent there is division of labour. |
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| + | [[Ghana_Energy_Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] |
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| | = Further Information = | | = Further Information = |
| | | | |
| | *[[Ghana - Information Sources|Ghana - Information Sources]] | | *[[Ghana - Information Sources|Ghana - Information Sources]] |
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| | = References<br/> = | | = References<br/> = |
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| | <references /><br/> | | <references /><br/> |
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| − | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
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| | [[Category:Ghana]] | | [[Category:Ghana]] |
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Electricity in Ghana is a key determinant of the country’s continued economic growth, but supply has recently struggled to keep up with demand. Sustained demand growth of over 6 percent per year has strained the already overburdened electricity system. A major power crisis in 2006–7 is estimated to have reduced GDP growth by one percent.[1]
The Government of Ghana, with the help of international donors, has sought to strengthen the electricity sector in response to this challenge. The Government has outlined two key objectives for solving existing problems in the sector and allowing it to power sustainable, inclusive economic growth in the future: (i) double installed generation capacity by 2015; and (ii) extend universal access to electricity by 2020.[2]
The last section summarizes the efforts of donor agencies to improve outcomes in the electricity sector.
The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.
Ghana’s electricity generation has traditionally been dominated by hydro assets; however, in recent years hydro has been complemented by fossil fuel generation to meet rapidly growing demand. Total installed capacity to date is about 2,703.5MW. 50 percent of installed capacity comes from hydropower installations, with the rest coming from thermal plants burning Natural Gas (NG), Light Crude Oil (LCO), or diesel. The generating units are owned and operated primarily by the Volta River Authority (VRA); however, some IPPs have begun to enter the market.
The table below shows the mix of thermal generation assets and hydro generation assets in GHana. Each thermal generation unit can use NG, which is less expensive than LCO or diesel. However, due to an ongoing interruption in the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP), all thermal units are currently operating using diesel or LCO (as listed in column ‘Fuel 2’) except for Sunon Asogli. Sunon Asogli can only run on NG.
VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer
The VRA, established in 1961 by the Volta River Development Act (Act 46), is the state-owned electricity utility responsible for generating electricity in Ghana and supplying electricity in bulk to Ghana Grid Company Limited (GridCo). VRA owns and operates the Akosombo hydro power station, the Kpong hydro power station, the Aboadze T1 plant, the Tema TT1PP plant, and the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant (T3) located at Aboadze. VRA is also a minority joint partner with TAQA, which owns and operates the Takoradi International Power Company (TICO) thermal power plant also located at Aboadze. In addition to the plants that VRA owns, VRA also operates the Tema TT2PP plant and Mine Reserves plant for their respective owners.[1]
In recent years, VRA’s role in the Ghanaian power sector has evolved significantly from generation, transmission, and distribution to focus on generation. In 2006, VRA ceded its transmission responsibilities to GridCo. In May 2012, VRA restructured its distribution department, Northern Electricity Distribution (NED), into a semi-independent, wholly owned subsidiary company of VRA, known as Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana (NEDCo). Finally, VRA’s responsibility for all hydro resources within the Volta Basin—which includes the White Volta, Black Volta, and Red Volta rivers—was curtailed by the Bui Power Authority (BPA). BPA, a state-owned enterprise, was created to develop a hydroelectric plant at Bui, which lies within on the Black Volta.[2]
Three IPPs have developed conventional generation units in Ghana, and more are planning to do so—including for renewable energy. The three IPPs operating in Ghana are:
In addition, a Government Consent and Support Agreement for a fourth IPP, Cenpower, received Parliamentary approval in October 2012.[1]
Over the last two decades the demand for electricity has been growing by 10-15 percent annually. The expanding commercial and industrial sectors are, together with the high population growth, the main drivers of electricity demand. Current demand forecasts project that electricity demand will continue to grow at least seven percent per year.
On the supply side, the power sector has consistently fallen short of capacity targets. In 2008, the Ghanaian Minister of Energy set a target of 3500MW of installed capacity by 2013.[1] At the end of 2013, the Ghanaian grid had 2,703.5MW of installed capacity, 200MW of which is idled due to a shortage of natui, and only 2295MW of dependable power. Assuming a reasonable reserve margin of 20 percent, Ghana would have required 2500MW of installed capacity in 2013.[2] Absent significant investments, the shortfalls will continue and become more severe.
Ghana’s power sector is governed by a well-developed framework of laws, policies, and regulations, which the Government is continuing to develop. In particular, the EC is developing a distribution code as well as several regulations related to integrating renewable energy into the grid.
Energy policy provides the general setting for the Government’s approach to the sector. National policy is issued by the Ministry, with advice and counsel from the EC. Regional policy documents are also relevant to Ghana’s power sector.
The National Energy Policy (Policy) outlines the Government’s policy direction for the energy sector. In the power sector the Policy:
The Government intends for the Policy to guide its efforts in achieving its objectives to:
Collectively, the Policy aims to achieve its vision of Ghana becoming a net electricity exporter by 2015.[1]
The Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan (Plan) covers the Government’s strategies, program, and projects for developing:
A key objective stated in this document is to have renewable energy (not including hydro above 100MW) represent ten percent of installed capacity by 2020.
The document also contains funding sources and verifiable indicators to facilitate effective monitoring and evaluation of the programs and projects.[1]
Law provides the basis for Government intervention in the energy sector. Energy law must come directly from Parliament. The Ghanaian parliament has created the legal framework of the power sector by passing laws that specify the role that each institution will play in the sector. Additionally, it has passed the Renewable Energy Act to cover all elements of the RE component of the power sector.
Ghana does not have a single source of law for its power sector, such as an electricity law. Instead, the existing legal framework for the power sector has gradually developed over time as the government established the institutions and state-owned electricity companies described in Sections 2 and 3.
Shortly after the Volta River Development Act established VRA, the Electricity Corporation Decree (NLCD 125, 1967) repealed the existing Electricity Act and established ECG.[1] The Electricity Corporation Decree made ECG responsible for all electricity distribution in Ghana, complementing VRA’s role generating and transmitting all electricity in the country. As discussed above, the Government created GridCo, BPA, and NEDCo to complement VRA and ECG in subsequent years. In addition, the Energy Commission Act created the legal framework for allowing IPPs to participate in the power sector and establishing performance standards for all entities operating in the power sector. Finally, the PURC Act established the legal jurisdiction of the electricity sector regulator.
Regulation provides specific of policy and law implementation. Regulation is developed primarily by the PURC and the EC.
The National Electricity Grid Code (Grid Code) of Ghana establishes the requirements, procedures, practices, and standards for developing, operating, maintaining and using the National Interconnected Transmission System (NITS). The Grid Code also describes the responsibilities and obligations of each entity involved in the supply, transmission and delivery of bulk electric power over the NITS. The purpose of the Grid Code is to ensure that the NITS provides fair, transparent, non-discriminatory, safe, reliable, secure and cost efficient delivery of electrical energy.[1]
In the oil and gas sector, a number of donors are providing both finanacial as well as technical support to the Government of Ghana through her implementing agencies. These include UK/DFID (Ghana Accountability and Responsiveness Initiative), Germany/GIZ (Good Financial Governance Programme), Norway (Oil for Development - resource and environmental management, local content), the World Bank (Oil and Gas Capacity Building Project), China Development Bank (Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project), USAID (TA for gas regulation), MCC (TA for gas policy).
In the power sector a large number of donors have ongoing or pipeline projects.
AfDB provides loans for the Ghana-Togo-Benin Power Interconnector as part of the West African Power Pool (WAPP), as well as for the Kumasi Power Reinforcement Project. In the pipeline are an IPP project in Tema (340MW combined-cycle gas turbine) and the expansion of an existing 220MW simple cycle power plant to combined cycle.
Agence Française de Développement (AFD) supports VRA in the retrofit of the Kpong hydropower dam and studies hydropower sites along White Volta and Oti rivers as well as support to GRIDCO.
SECO provides support to PURC and ECG/NEDCo in terms of capacity building.
The China ExIm Bank and the China Commercial Bank provide loans for grid extension to 400 communities in the Upper West Region and 500 communities in the Northern Region.
JICA supports with grants the improvement of the distribution system (new sub-transmission lines), solar PV systems (a 720kVA system at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon) and training of electric engineers.
Germany via KfW supports with a loan the development of a 12MW Solar PV Project with VRA at three sites in the Upper West Region. The first solar PV plant of 2.5MW has been commissioned in 2013.
Germany via GIZ supports the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Act of 2011 through advisory services on grid-connected renewable energy, in particular regarding the procurement strategy for utility-scale solar and wind capacity, the renewable energy Purchase Obligation for electricity bulk customers and utilities, the renewable energy licencing regime, a Grid Integration Study and Transmission Reinforcement Study for variable renewables, the renewable energy Grid Code and regarding the Net-Metering Code.
The Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC) supports the establishment of a testing facility for cookstoves at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ghana. This includes mobile testing of cookstoves for productive use. The Energy Commission of Ghana with funding from UNDP supports the establishment of another testing facility at the Technology Consultancy Centre of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi.
Food processing in small-scale enterprises is promoted by the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Dutch Government which commissioned the “Energy Poverty and Gender in Agro Processing” project focussing on improved cookstoves for shea butter, pito and parboiled rice production and the establishment of woodlots for these industries (2014-2015). Furthermore in the “Developing Sustainable Energy Value Chains in Fish Smoking Markets in Ghana” project which promotes improved Cookstoves for fish smoking and the sustainable management of mangrove forests (2014-2015). Both programmes are being implemented by SNV.
The coordination of donor support takes place within the framework of the Donor Sector Group, established under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) framework. The Energy Sector Working Group meets every other month to coordinate activities within the sector. Donors that are active in the sector group include: Switzerland (Sector Lead in 2013/2014), the World Bank, France (AFD), USA (MCC, USAID), African Development Bank, Japan (JICA), Germany (incl. KfW and GIZ) and KOICA. To a large extent there is division of labour.
