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| | <div><br/></div> | | <div><br/></div> |
| | == Electricity<br/> == | | == Electricity<br/> == |
| − | Between 1963 and 2007 – not even half a century of development – Algeria chronicles an enormous rise in the demand of electricity. Whereas electricity consumption in the early 1960’s was less than a single TWh, it has risen to 30 TWh in 2007.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10</ref> However, the rise in consumption has been quite stable recently, slowly rising by about 5.6% per annum. According to CREG, there are two possible scenarios that the Algerian energy sector might be facing. On one hand there is the medium scenario predicting a rise in demand of about 7,800 MW, on the other hand there is the strong scenario predicting a rise of about 11,200 MW.<ref>Comission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2010, "Rapport d'activité 2010", Algiers: pg. 36.</ref> The first prediciton is a rather moderate one, projecting a steady but fair continuation of the current trend in the rise of energy demand, assuming that the economy is developing in a similar slow and controllable way.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11</ref> The second and rather drastic forecast reckons with a strong and lasting reanimation of the economy, thus challenging the task to meet future energy demands.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 10-11</ref> Depending on the scenario, energy needs could bounce up to spomething between 7.8% and 9.1% until 2017.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz (CREG) (2008), „Programme indicatif des besoins en moyens de production d’électricité 2008 – 2017“, pg. 11</ref> Between 2001 and 2011, electricity production rose from 26,250 GWh <ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement</ref> to 48,900 GWh.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.</ref> Between 2010 and 2011 there was an increase of 8.2%. The maximum power demand was 8,606 MW, registered on 8 August 2011. This is an increase of 11.5% as compared to 2010. At the end of 2011, the installed capacity of electricity generation reached 11,524 MW, 10,926 MW of which was connected to the national transmission grid. Electricity sales increased by 8.7% to 38,900 GWh in 2011, as compared to 2010. The total number of customers rose in 2011 by 297,470 to 7,115,550.<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11-14.</ref> It appears that this development is mainly due to the economic growth that Algeria has experienced along the way.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines (MEM), Last Updated: - , Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=perspectives-de-developpement</ref>As Table 3 shows below, main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relativ percentage to the total amount produced of over 97%. Although there are other minor sources of electricity, such as oil and hydro-power, a similar picture as seen in the tables above is being created, suggesting a rather one-sided production and supply (in this case) of electricity.<br/><u>Table 3: Electricity Production and Supply of Algeria (2011)<ref name="International Energy Agency, ©2013,">International Energy Agency, ©2013, "Electricity/Heat in Algeria 2009", Last updated: - , Accessed: June 28, 2013, URL:http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DZ </ref>:</u><br/>
| + | |
| − | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" | + | === Installed Capacity and Generation<br/> === |
| | + | Between 2001 and 2013, electricity production rose from 26,250 GWh to 57,397 GWh<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat</ref> . As table 2 below shows, the main source for the production of electricity is gas with a relative percentage to the total amount produced of over 92%. Although there are other sources of electricity, namely oil and hydro-power, these play only a minor role.<br/> |
| | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><u>Table 2: Electricity production by source (2012)<ref>http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ALGERIA&product=electricityandheat</ref>:</u><br/></p> |
| | + | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | '''Energy Source''' | + | | Production from |
| − | | '''in GWh''' | + | | in GWh |
| − | | '''in%<sup><font size="2">2,3</font></sup>''' | + | | in % |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Coal | + | | - Oil |
| − | | 0 | + | | 3,727 |
| − | | | + | | 6.49 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Oil | + | | - Gas |
| − | | 2,816 | + | | 53,048 |
| − | | 2 | + | | 92.42 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Gas | + | | - Hydro |
| − | | 47,906 | + | | 622 |
| − | | 97.7 | + | | 1.08 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Biomass | + | | Total Production |
| − | | 0
| + | | 57,397 |
| − | |
| + | | 100 |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Waste
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Nuclear
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Hydro
| + | |
| − | | 502
| + | |
| − | | 0.7
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Geothermal
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Solar PV
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Solar thermal
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Wind
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Tide
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Other Sources
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | | 0
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | '''Total Production'''
| + | |
| − | | '''51,224'''
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Imports
| + | |
| − | | 657
| + | |
| − | | 0.9
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | Exports
| + | |
| − | | -799
| + | |
| − | | -0.9
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | | '''Domestic Supply'''
| + | |
| − | | '''51,082''' | + | |
| − | | | + | |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <sup>2</sup>In relation to the amount given by "Total Production" <sup>3</sup>Total may not add up due to roundings and overlapping percentages.<br/>According to the CREG Rapport d'activité of 2010 and the Rapport d'activité of 2011, the percental share of electricity production among the state-run and '''independent producers (IPP)''' looks as follows: <u>Production sorted by operator in 2010<ref>Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2010, Rapport d'activité 2010, Algiers: pg. 16.</ref> and 2011<ref name="Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.">Commission de Régulation de l'Electricité et du Gaz (CREG), 2011, Rapport d'activité 2011, Algiers: pg. 11.</ref>:</u><br/>
| + | <br/> |
| − | {| style="width: 100%; height: 200px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| + | == Electricity Grid<br/> == |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | ! scope="col" | Operator
| + | |
| − | ! scope="col" | % (2010)
| + | |
| − | ! scope="col" | % (2011)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <span class="titre_article">Sonelgaz Production d'Electricité (<span class="spip_surligne">SPE</span>)</span>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">54</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">56</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <span class="st">Sharikat Kahraba Hadj</span><span class="st">rat-Ennous</span> (SKH)
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">21</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">20</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Sharikat Kahraba Skikda (SKS)
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">13</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">12</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Sharikat Kahraba Berrouaghia (SKB)
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">6</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">6</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Kahrama
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">6</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">5</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | Solar Power Plant One (SPP1)
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">-</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">1</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Sharikat Kahraba Terga (</span>SKT)
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">-</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">0,16</p>
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | CEVITAL
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">-</p>
| + | |
| − | |
| + | |
| − | <p style="text-align: center;">0,001</p>
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
| − | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]
| + | |
| − | == Electricity Grid ==
| + | |
| | According to the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Algeria has an extensive AC network that spreads throughout the country.<ref name="null">Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref> In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparision to 2011.<ref>Sonelgaz: Chiffres clés 2012, Reseaux d'Electricité, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=637 </ref> Within this context, Sonelgaz is the transmission grid operator with electricity making up about 84% of its business.<ref name="Sonelgaz: Rapport d’activité 2011, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/IMG/file/Rapportdactivite2011.pdf">Sonelgaz: Rapport d’activité 2011, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/IMG/file/Rapportdactivite2011.pdf</ref> Sonelgaz has not only focused on the densely populated north but has also made efforts to reach down south.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref> While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, 96% of the country has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighbouring grids of Tunisia and Morocco also by a 440 kV line each.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref><ref>Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Ingeration Project, Last Update: September 08, 2011, Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.medemip.eu/WebPages/Common/showpage.aspx?pageid=184</ref> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | | According to the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Algeria has an extensive AC network that spreads throughout the country.<ref name="null">Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref> In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparision to 2011.<ref>Sonelgaz: Chiffres clés 2012, Reseaux d'Electricité, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=637 </ref> Within this context, Sonelgaz is the transmission grid operator with electricity making up about 84% of its business.<ref name="Sonelgaz: Rapport d’activité 2011, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/IMG/file/Rapportdactivite2011.pdf">Sonelgaz: Rapport d’activité 2011, http://www.sonelgaz.dz/IMG/file/Rapportdactivite2011.pdf</ref> Sonelgaz has not only focused on the densely populated north but has also made efforts to reach down south.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref> While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, 96% of the country has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighbouring grids of Tunisia and Morocco also by a 440 kV line each.<ref>Wuppertal Institute of Climate, Environment and Energy (2010), "Algeria - A Future Supplier of Electricity from Renewable Energies for Europe?", pg. 27</ref><ref>Euro-Mediterranean Energy Market Ingeration Project, Last Update: September 08, 2011, Accessed: September 20, 2011, URL: http://www.medemip.eu/WebPages/Common/showpage.aspx?pageid=184</ref> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | == Transmission & Distribution<br/> == | | == Transmission & Distribution<br/> == |
| Line 224: |
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| | Studies on and realisation of canalisation and gas transportation | | Studies on and realisation of canalisation and gas transportation |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <br/>The electricity distribution itself is organised by four companies: "'''La société de distribution de l'ouest (SDO)'''", "'''la société de distribution du centre (SDC)'''", "'''la société de distribution d'Alger (SDA)'''" and "'''la société de l'est (SDE)'''". <br/> | + | <br/>The electricity distribution itself is organised by four companies: "'''La société de distribution de l'ouest (SDO)'''", "'''la société de distribution du centre (SDC)'''", "'''la société de distribution d'Alger (SDA)'''" and "'''la société de l'est (SDE)'''".<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
| − | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> | + | |
| | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> = | | = Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations<br/> = |
| | | | |
| Line 238: |
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| | *Special purposes account '''no. 302-131''', titled Fonds National pour les Energies Renouvelables, comprised in '''article 63 '''of the budgetary law of 2010 | | *Special purposes account '''no. 302-131''', titled Fonds National pour les Energies Renouvelables, comprised in '''article 63 '''of the budgetary law of 2010 |
| | *Executive decree '''no. 13-218 '''(June 18th, 2013) fixing the conditions for the access to premiums for renewable energy production. | | *Executive decree '''no. 13-218 '''(June 18th, 2013) fixing the conditions for the access to premiums for renewable energy production. |
| − | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> | + | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><br/> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − |
| |
| − |
| |
| | = Institutional Setup in the Energy Sector<br/> = | | = Institutional Setup in the Energy Sector<br/> = |
| | | | |
| Line 249: |
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| | The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.<br/>The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the ''Groupe SONATRACH'', a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was found by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).<ref>SONATRACH (2010), "Elements d'histoire des Hydrocarbures en Algerie", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonatrach-dz.com/NEW/histoire.html</ref> SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gaz production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.<ref>El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5), "Special Series - Sonatrach: An International Giant in the Making", Shrivenham (England): Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, pg. 3</ref> Overall, the SONATRACH group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref> Just as SONATRACH, ''Groupe SONELGAZ, ''responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gaz, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the algerian energy sector. In 2001, the found the Algerian Energy Company (AEC)<ref>Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011), "Présentation de l'Activite", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aec.dz/site/home.php</ref>, whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE) is in charge of electricity production, as well,<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Spa, "Scoiété Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=67</ref> whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE).<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Sap, "Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=68</ref> In total, the SONELGAZ group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | | The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.<br/>The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the ''Groupe SONATRACH'', a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was found by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).<ref>SONATRACH (2010), "Elements d'histoire des Hydrocarbures en Algerie", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonatrach-dz.com/NEW/histoire.html</ref> SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gaz production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.<ref>El-Katiri, Dr. Mohammed (2010, 5), "Special Series - Sonatrach: An International Giant in the Making", Shrivenham (England): Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, pg. 3</ref> Overall, the SONATRACH group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref> Just as SONATRACH, ''Groupe SONELGAZ, ''responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gaz, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the algerian energy sector. In 2001, the found the Algerian Energy Company (AEC)<ref>Algerian Energy Company (AEC) (2011), "Présentation de l'Activite", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.aec.dz/site/home.php</ref>, whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE) is in charge of electricity production, as well,<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Spa, "Scoiété Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=67</ref> whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE).<ref>Groupe SONELGAZ Sap, "Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.sonelgaz.dz/article.php3?id_article=68</ref> In total, the SONELGAZ group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.<ref>Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines, "Les Entreprises du Secteur", Last Updated: - , Accessed: October 4, 2011, URL: http://www.mem-algeria.org/francais/index.php?page=les-entreprises-du-secteur</ref> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | == Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs<br/> == | | == Activities of Other Donors, Activities of NGOs<br/> == |
| − | Algeria's range of foreign donors and their acitivities and forms of support are quite big. Amongst other external donors, such as the ''World Bank, ''the ''United Nations Development Programm'' (UNDP), the ''African Development Bank ''(ADB), the USA, Canada, and Japan, the European Union is among the most active donors.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 17</ref> Apart from the individual effort of several EU-member states (e.g. Italy, Spain, and Belgium), the European Investement Bank (EIB) and the European Commission (EC) have contributed decisive support in the recent decades.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 13-17</ref> The work of GIZ focus on sustainable economic development including consultancy of small and medium enterprises and industry zones. Moreover ressource managemant, climate change, water and mirco finances are prioritized. <br/> | + | Algeria's range of foreign donors and their acitivities and forms of support are quite big. Amongst other external donors, such as the ''World Bank, ''the ''United Nations Development Programm'' (UNDP), the ''African Development Bank ''(ADB), the USA, Canada, and Japan, the European Union is among the most active donors.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 17</ref> Apart from the individual effort of several EU-member states (e.g. Italy, Spain, and Belgium), the European Investement Bank (EIB) and the European Commission (EC) have contributed decisive support in the recent decades.<ref>European Union (2007), "European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument - Algeria", pg. 13-17</ref> The work of GIZ focus on sustainable economic development including consultancy of small and medium enterprises and industry zones. Moreover ressource managemant, climate change, water and mirco finances are prioritized.<br/>[[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> |
| − | [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/> | + | |
| | = Further Information<br/> = | | = Further Information<br/> = |
| | | | |
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| | <references /> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] | | <references /> [[Algeria Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
| |
| − | [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]]
| |
| | [[Category:Algeria]] | | [[Category:Algeria]] |
| | + | [[Category:MENA_(Middle_East_and_North_Africa)]] |
| | + | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]] |
Algeria is located in North Africa and borders Tunisia and Libya in the east, Niger and Mali in the south, and Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Morocco in the west. In the north, Algeria’s vast coast of over 1,200 km extends to the Mediterranean Sea. With its more than two million km² of national territory, Algeria is by far the largest North African country. However, most of its national territory is occupied by the Sahara, which explains the arrangement of population density: 90% of the population is located in the north.[1] The mild Mediterranean climate coming from the coast is replaced by a dry desert climate further south.
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In 2012, Algeria produced a total amount of 143,764 ktoe of energy. The main energy sources are crude oil (49.5%) and natural gas (50.4%).[2] In comparison, the numbers concerning the renewable energies are much smaller and close to zero. Other energy sources such as coal or nuclear power are not used. As large shares of the produces energy are exported, the primary energy supply in 2012 was 46,325 ktoe.
Algeria's total final consumption (TFC) has been steadily increasing in recent years. While in 2010 the energy consumption added up to around 31,500 ktoe, in 2013 it had increased to 38,543 ktoe[3], which means that the country has seen an increase of 22% in just three years.
Taking a closer look at various sectors, the residential sector (including agriculture) is the one which consumes the most energy (43%), followed by the transport sector (36%) and the industry sector (21%). More detailed figures are outlined in the table below.
Algeria is a net exporting country. In the region, it is an important producer of hydrocarbons and also exports large amounts of natural gas to Europe. In 2012 , Algeria imported a total of 5,031 ktoe, of which 4,639 ktoe were oil products. These amounts appear minor compared to the exports, which added up to 46,325 ktoe. The exports were mostly crude oil, oil products and natural gas.[5]
Algeria does not export all of its natural gas and oil production, but also relies on it for domestic consumption. Both resources are heavily subsidized. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), altogether, subsidies were at 18.3 % of GDP in 2012. Of this figure, 3.4 percentage points were subsidies for natural gas, 4.0 percentage points for electricity and 4.7 percentage points for petroleum products (including diesel, gasoline and LPG).[6]
Although there is a high potential for the use of solar energy in Algeria, there are hardly any solar power plants so far. According to the MENA Renewables status report 2013 by REN21 the installed capacity of Photovoltaics (PV) was 7.1 MW in 2010 and 25 MW in 2012 of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).[7] The report also gives estimates for capacity of renewable energy projects in the pipeline. For solar power, a capacity of 175 MW in the pipeline was estimated as well as 20 MW of wind power. However, the figures issued by the Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RCREE) are higher: They state an estimated capacity of 370 MW of solar power in the pipeline (all CSP) and 210 MW of wind power.[8]
Although there is some installed capacity of hydro power (228 MW), this energy source only plays a marginal role due to limited precipitation and high evaporation.
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According to the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Algeria has an extensive AC network that spreads throughout the country.[11] In 2012 the total length of the transmission network was 23,802 km which was an increase of 6.29% in comparision to 2011.[12] Within this context, Sonelgaz is the transmission grid operator with electricity making up about 84% of its business.[13] Sonelgaz has not only focused on the densely populated north but has also made efforts to reach down south.[14] While the electrification rate was 57% in 1977, 96% of the country has now access to electricity. Algeria is connected with neighbouring grids of Tunisia and Morocco also by a 440 kV line each.[15][16] ►Go to Top
In terms of the distribution grid, there are several operators providing Algeria with electricity. To offer some overview, the involved players and their functions in the process of transmitting and distributing energy are listed below.
Energy distribution by company and the respective activity[17]:
The general approach and strategy intended by the Algerian Ministry of Energy and Mines is constituted by decree no. 07-266, dating the 9th of September 2007.[18] It represents one of the main basic modules, describing the function and role of the Ministry with respect to the intentions of the Algerian government. In Article 1, the Ministry commits to the elaboration of political and strategic research, the production and valorisation of hydrocarbon, mineral and energetic resources and the embedding of the respective industry in this sector.[19] In Article 5 it furthermore commits to the necessary studies and research and the promotion of sources of renewable energy.[20] ►Go to Top
Due to the increasing importance of renewable energies, Algeria has created a legal framework concerning the promotion and exploitation of renewable energy. The foundation of this legal framework is given by the following legal documents:[21]
The Algerian energy sector is characterized by a few company networks with national enterprises numerously scattered over the respective branches of the energy sector.
The hydrocarbon and petroleum branch mainly consists of the Groupe SONATRACH, a dominating organisation dealing with the exploitation, transportation and commercialisation of oil and gas products. The subordinated company NAFTAL SPA is a national petrol station chain and is owned 100% by SONATRACH, which itself was found by the government in 1963 (presidential decree no. 63 - 491 December 31st, 1963).[30] SONATRACH is the main player in terms of oil and gaz production and is - despite the fact that it is officially to be a commercial entity - a state-owned company of Algeria with the state being the sole shareholder of SONATRACH.[31] Overall, the SONATRACH group is made up of 29 subordinated companies and organisations.[32] Just as SONATRACH, Groupe SONELGAZ, responsible for the production and commercialisation of electricity and the national distribution of natural gaz, is likewise state-owned. Together, the two companies are the most important and influential players in the algerian energy sector. In 2001, the found the Algerian Energy Company (AEC)[33], whose main task it is to produce, commercialise, transport and distribute electricity throughout Algeria. Being a part of the SONELGAZ group, the Société Algérienne de Production de l'Electricité (SPE) is in charge of electricity production, as well,[34] whereas the electricity transportation is mainly carried out by the Société Algérienne de Gestion du Réseau de Transport de l'Electricité (SGTE).[35] In total, the SONELGAZ group consists of 38 subordinated companies and organisations.[36] ►Go to Top
Algeria's range of foreign donors and their acitivities and forms of support are quite big. Amongst other external donors, such as the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programm (UNDP), the African Development Bank (ADB), the USA, Canada, and Japan, the European Union is among the most active donors.[37] Apart from the individual effort of several EU-member states (e.g. Italy, Spain, and Belgium), the European Investement Bank (EIB) and the European Commission (EC) have contributed decisive support in the recent decades.[38] The work of GIZ focus on sustainable economic development including consultancy of small and medium enterprises and industry zones. Moreover ressource managemant, climate change, water and mirco finances are prioritized.
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