|
|
| Line 2: |
Line 2: |
| | = Overview<br/> = | | = Overview<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | In [[India Energy Situation|India]] [[Photovoltaic (PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)]] pumping is most commonly known as '''SPV pumping'''. | + | In [[India_Energy_Situation|India]] [[Photovoltaic_(PV)|Photovoltaic (PV)]] pumping is most commonly known as '''SPV pumping'''. |
| | | | |
| − | ► Find here more [[Photovoltaic (PV) Pumping|generell information about Photovoltaic (PV) pumping (costs, drinking water and irrigation covered)]] | + | ► Find here more [[Photovoltaic_(PV)_Pumping|generell information about Photovoltaic (PV) pumping (costs, drinking water and irrigation covered)]] |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| Line 11: |
Line 11: |
| | | | |
| | <u>A SPV system consits of the following parts:</u> | | <u>A SPV system consits of the following parts:</u> |
| | + | |
| | *PV array | | *PV array |
| | *Motor pump set | | *Motor pump set |
| Line 21: |
Line 22: |
| | | | |
| | <u>Types of Pumps used</u>: | | <u>Types of Pumps used</u>: |
| | + | |
| | *surface mounted centrifugal pump set, | | *surface mounted centrifugal pump set, |
| | *submersible pump set, | | *submersible pump set, |
| Line 30: |
Line 32: |
| | | | |
| | <u>Suitable applications of PV pumps especially with certain irrigation methods<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref></u>: | | <u>Suitable applications of PV pumps especially with certain irrigation methods<ref>CADDET (2001): Solar Pumping in India: http://www.caddet-re.org/assets/no152.pdf</ref></u>: |
| | + | |
| | *drip irrigation, where water is distributed by a grid of perforated placti tubes | | *drip irrigation, where water is distributed by a grid of perforated placti tubes |
| | *hose-basin irrigation, where water is collected in a basin and distributed by hoses | | *hose-basin irrigation, where water is collected in a basin and distributed by hoses |
| Line 36: |
Line 39: |
| | | | |
| | <u>Advantages of PV systems for irrigation in remote areas</u>: | | <u>Advantages of PV systems for irrigation in remote areas</u>: |
| | + | |
| | *proximity to the pumps (less stress on distribution network and reduced T&D losses and costs for utilities, if grid is available) | | *proximity to the pumps (less stress on distribution network and reduced T&D losses and costs for utilities, if grid is available) |
| | *reliable, silent, clean and long life-span | | *reliable, silent, clean and long life-span |
| Line 56: |
Line 60: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="height: 673px; width: 100%" | + | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" style="height: 673px; width: 100%" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | | | | style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| Line 304: |
Line 308: |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | *[http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/frequently-asked-questions-on-solar-water-pumping-system FAQ on SPV pumping Indian Development] | | *[http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/frequently-asked-questions-on-solar-water-pumping-system FAQ on SPV pumping Indian Development] |
| | *[http://www.prosunindia.com/faqpv.html FAQ on SPV pumping by a supplier (acres to be irrigated, water head, etc.)] | | *[http://www.prosunindia.com/faqpv.html FAQ on SPV pumping by a supplier (acres to be irrigated, water head, etc.)] |
| Line 318: |
Line 323: |
| | | | |
| | '''Aims:''' commerzialisation, technology upgrade, system cost reduction, large scale deployment and prodcution, facilitate marketing infrastructure | | '''Aims:''' commerzialisation, technology upgrade, system cost reduction, large scale deployment and prodcution, facilitate marketing infrastructure |
| | + | |
| | *1993 - 1994 demonstration programme: 500 PV-driven electric pumps (other sources state 1000) (10 different systems were used in various combinations, throughout all of India) | | *1993 - 1994 demonstration programme: 500 PV-driven electric pumps (other sources state 1000) (10 different systems were used in various combinations, throughout all of India) |
| | *full scale programme: cumulative achievments by 2007: 7,068 systems installed | | *full scale programme: cumulative achievments by 2007: 7,068 systems installed |
| Line 325: |
Line 331: |
| | | | |
| | '''Demo programme Structure''' | | '''Demo programme Structure''' |
| | + | |
| | *MNES provided FA and interest subsidy for user loan | | *MNES provided FA and interest subsidy for user loan |
| | *IREDA provided FA received from MNES & user loan from its own resources | | *IREDA provided FA received from MNES & user loan from its own resources |
| Line 339: |
Line 346: |
| | | | |
| | '''Punjab Energy Development Agenvy (PEDA) Model<ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> - example of one approach by a state under this programme''' | | '''Punjab Energy Development Agenvy (PEDA) Model<ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> - example of one approach by a state under this programme''' |
| | + | |
| | *systems: 1800 W, 2hp DC motor pump for irrigation of 5 - 8 acres | | *systems: 1800 W, 2hp DC motor pump for irrigation of 5 - 8 acres |
| | *Site identification by SNAs/manufacturers/suppliers according to MNRE guidelines - based on water table and land holding, allocations in cluserters to facilitate service and maintenance. | | *Site identification by SNAs/manufacturers/suppliers according to MNRE guidelines - based on water table and land holding, allocations in cluserters to facilitate service and maintenance. |
| Line 348: |
Line 356: |
| | | | |
| | '''Karnataka Renewable Energy Development (KREDL)'''<ref>http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/EEST/results.htm</ref> | | '''Karnataka Renewable Energy Development (KREDL)'''<ref>http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/EEST/results.htm</ref> |
| | + | |
| | *700 pumps disseminated by 2006 (part of national programme) | | *700 pumps disseminated by 2006 (part of national programme) |
| | *plans for CDM project - unclear if carried out (very small panel of only 80Wp)<ref>http://www.ctrade.org/india.pdf </ref> | | *plans for CDM project - unclear if carried out (very small panel of only 80Wp)<ref>http://www.ctrade.org/india.pdf </ref> |
| Line 393: |
Line 402: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | == Actors<br/> == | | == Actors<br/> == |
| | | | |
| | '''NGOs and Donors''' | | '''NGOs and Donors''' |
| | + | |
| | *[http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/ Greenpeace] (in Bihar): PV pumping systems for agricultural irrigation in Bihar (1,500-2,000 l of water/ hour for 6-8 hours on a sunny day) <ref>Greenpeace India April 16th, 2012: http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/news/Feature-Stories/Low-cost-solar-PV-pumping-set-demonstrated-in-Kalyan-Bigha-by-Greenpeace/</ref> | | *[http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/ Greenpeace] (in Bihar): PV pumping systems for agricultural irrigation in Bihar (1,500-2,000 l of water/ hour for 6-8 hours on a sunny day) <ref>Greenpeace India April 16th, 2012: http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/news/Feature-Stories/Low-cost-solar-PV-pumping-set-demonstrated-in-Kalyan-Bigha-by-Greenpeace/</ref> |
| | | | |
| Line 404: |
Line 415: |
| | | | |
| | <u>There are a range of companies offering solar PV pumps, MNRE cooperated in its programme with 9 suppliers, amongst others:</u> | | <u>There are a range of companies offering solar PV pumps, MNRE cooperated in its programme with 9 suppliers, amongst others:</u> |
| | + | |
| | *[http://www.tatabpsolar.com/products_view.php?pr_id=Solar_Water_Pump Tata BP Solar] water pumps: [http://www.tatabpsolar.com/casestudy_display.php?s_id=Water-Pumping Case study Chattisgarh] - Chattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency (CREDA) (several districts of Chattisgarh) 2006-2007: 62 systems installed (3 surface pumps, 48 mono submersible pumps, 11 others) | | *[http://www.tatabpsolar.com/products_view.php?pr_id=Solar_Water_Pump Tata BP Solar] water pumps: [http://www.tatabpsolar.com/casestudy_display.php?s_id=Water-Pumping Case study Chattisgarh] - Chattisgarh State Renewable Energy Development Agency (CREDA) (several districts of Chattisgarh) 2006-2007: 62 systems installed (3 surface pumps, 48 mono submersible pumps, 11 others) |
| | *[http://www.photonsolar.com/html/pvs-pumping.html Photon Energy Systems] - 2 systems (900 W and 1800 W repsectivly). | | *[http://www.photonsolar.com/html/pvs-pumping.html Photon Energy Systems] - 2 systems (900 W and 1800 W repsectivly). |
| Line 413: |
Line 425: |
| | *[http://www.vrgenergy.com/ VRG Energy]- [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQJEBn602vM youtube video] | | *[http://www.vrgenergy.com/ VRG Energy]- [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQJEBn602vM youtube video] |
| | | | |
| − | | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | <u>[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byN/byName.shtml Solar Water Pumping Companies in India (75 total):]</u> | | <u>[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byN/byName.shtml Solar Water Pumping Companies in India (75 total):]</u> |
| | + | |
| | *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byB/mfg/mfg.shtml List of Solar Water Pumping System Manufacturers] | | *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byB/mfg/mfg.shtml List of Solar Water Pumping System Manufacturers] |
| | *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byB/dist/dist.shtml List of Solar Water Pumping Retail Companies] | | *[http://energy.sourceguides.com/businesses/byGeo/byC/India/byP/solar/sPump/byB/dist/dist.shtml List of Solar Water Pumping Retail Companies] |
| Line 421: |
Line 434: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Market Support Mechanisms<br/> = | | = Market Support Mechanisms<br/> = |
| Line 497: |
Line 511: |
| | | | |
| | <br/>The minimum loan amount for a project is Rs. 10 lakhs. additionally, a 2.5% soft loan was made available through financial intermediaries. => still investment cost gap of Rs. 0.1 mio per system | | <br/>The minimum loan amount for a project is Rs. 10 lakhs. additionally, a 2.5% soft loan was made available through financial intermediaries. => still investment cost gap of Rs. 0.1 mio per system |
| | + | |
| | *State agencies solar water pumping programme - capital subsidy of first Rs. 135/Wp, later reduced to Rs. 100/Wp, anticipating strong cost decreases of SPV pumps.<ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> | | *State agencies solar water pumping programme - capital subsidy of first Rs. 135/Wp, later reduced to Rs. 100/Wp, anticipating strong cost decreases of SPV pumps.<ref>HWWI (2005): CDM potential of SPV pumps in India. http://www.hwwi.org/uploads/tx_wilpubdb/HWWI_Research_Paper_4.pdf</ref> |
| | | | |
| Line 510: |
Line 525: |
| | | | |
| | '''Lessons Learnt and recommendations''' <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> | | '''Lessons Learnt and recommendations''' <ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref><ref>K.S.Sridharan (2007): Lessons Learnt from Solar PV Pumping in India: http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=pv+pumping+India&source=web&cd=11&ved=0CH8QFjAAOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D15%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D245&ei=nLGnT4nwLsLorQfc1f3iAQ&usg=AFQjCNGagcYjJT7354VN3oxNNLe1WrONBw</ref> |
| | + | |
| | *Training of farmers/users is essential | | *Training of farmers/users is essential |
| | *marketing and awareness training are a must throughout the supply chain | | *marketing and awareness training are a must throughout the supply chain |
| Line 516: |
Line 532: |
| | | | |
| | '''Financing''' | | '''Financing''' |
| | + | |
| | *high initial investment is still mayor barrier - The unit cost is substantially higher for PV pumps as compared to the corresponding values for diesel or electric pumps, if no susidy is available.<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144fckLR</ref> | | *high initial investment is still mayor barrier - The unit cost is substantially higher for PV pumps as compared to the corresponding values for diesel or electric pumps, if no susidy is available.<ref>Pallav Purohit (2007):Financial evaluation of renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping in India. Energy Policy. Volume 35, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 3134–3144fckLR</ref> |
| | *partnerships between key actors incl. rural financial institutions, product and service suppliers, consumer groups etc.) are essential | | *partnerships between key actors incl. rural financial institutions, product and service suppliers, consumer groups etc.) are essential |
| Line 529: |
Line 546: |
| | | | |
| | '''Product''' | | '''Product''' |
| | + | |
| | *cost effectivenes, high reliability and quality assurance necessary | | *cost effectivenes, high reliability and quality assurance necessary |
| | *further R&D and technology development needed - efficiency improvements already achieved: solar cell 10% to 16%, pumps 30% to 40-45% | | *further R&D and technology development needed - efficiency improvements already achieved: solar cell 10% to 16%, pumps 30% to 40-45% |
| Line 542: |
Line 560: |
| | | | |
| | '''Government support''' | | '''Government support''' |
| | + | |
| | *needs to be more market oriented | | *needs to be more market oriented |
| | *should be less bureaucratic with lesser documentation and streamlined procedures to obtain incentives - more user friendly | | *should be less bureaucratic with lesser documentation and streamlined procedures to obtain incentives - more user friendly |
| Line 550: |
Line 569: |
| | | | |
| | '''Sales & Maintenance Network''' | | '''Sales & Maintenance Network''' |
| | + | |
| | *intermediaries need to achieve an attractive share | | *intermediaries need to achieve an attractive share |
| | *infrastructure for after sales service needs to be established until the last mile, service networks not in place due to high costs for manufacturers | | *infrastructure for after sales service needs to be established until the last mile, service networks not in place due to high costs for manufacturers |
| Line 575: |
Line 595: |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Agriculture]]
| |
| − | [[Category:India]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Energy_Use]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Productive_Use]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Pumping]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Solar]]
| |
| | [[Category:Water_Supply]] | | [[Category:Water_Supply]] |
| | + | [[Category:Solar_Pumping]] |
| | + | [[Category:Solar]] |
| | + | [[Category:Pumping]] |
| | + | [[Category:Productive_Use]] |
| | + | [[Category:Energy_Use]] |
| | + | [[Category:India]] |
| | + | [[Category:Agriculture]] |
Total cost (before subsidy) for installation and commissioning of SPV water pump system varies from Rs. 190,000 to 290,000 or even Rs. 450,000/-.[2][3]
Capital cost of a 1.8 kWp solar PV pump is about Rs. 0.3 million. The payback period of solar PV pump (without subsidy) replacing a diesel pump is about 9 years (at a cost of diesel is Rs. 32/litre).[4]
Subsidiesed SPV pump sets are competitive with diesel operated systems. Yet, they are not competitive with grid electricity.
Pilot programme by the Indian Government, managed by IREDA, as preparation for a full scale programme with the goal to disseminate 50,000 pumps in 5 years (not achieved).
In India 35% of SVP pumps are used for drinking water, 65% for agricultural purposes.
Starting form the total connected load for agricultural pump sets, which will be around 100 GW 2022, a huge market lies open for SPV pumps to be tackled. At the same time, heavily subsidies electricity for agricultural purposes (expected to be 50 USD billion in 2021-2022, if trend continues) is a major cost burden for the utilities and hampers to dissemination of SPV pumps. Still, KPMG estimates that around 16 GW could be provided through PV-driven pumps, if supported adequately by MNRE before SPV pumping will reach grid parity and will conquer the market eventually.[14]
Kumara and Tara (2004) have lesser expectations: Potential number of SPV pumps are estimated at 6.03 million (out of which 4.29 million are of capacity of 1.8 kWp and the balance 1.74 million of capacity of 0.9 kWp). With 1.06 million SPV pumps the state of Maharastra in India has highest utilization potential closely followed by Madhya Pradesh (0.99 million). Since the percentage share of marginal and small farmers is very high in the states of Kerala and West Bengal, in spite of large area with ground water table of less than 10 m in these states, the estimated potential of SPV pumps is very low as compared to the total number of farmers. Moreover, due to larger number of smaller land holdings in Kerala and West Bengal, the potential number of 0.9 kWp SPV pumps is much higher than that of 1.8 kWp SPV pumps. In other states it is just the reverse as the land holding are larger.[16]
Despite the differences in estimates, the bottom line stays the same - the technical potential of SPV pumping in India is huge and the market has bearly started to develop..
Only figures from the national programme are available. Up to 2007, more than 7000 systems have been installed through the programme supported by MNRE/IREDA. The growth rate of installations slowed down significantly (probably as in the later stages only community drinking water projects were supported). More current figures are not available, neither are figures on systems which were installed outside of the scheme. [17]
systems available: 200 W-3000 W (capacitoy of motor pump 0.5 hp to 2 hp), subsidized costs varies between Rs. 190,000 - 270,000, depending on supplier and model. Subsidy and soft loans are provided (see above for the structure), which have been adjusted over the years.
