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| | #Which '''kinds of co-benefits''' can be expected from RE and EE in the short and longer term, how do they relate to and interact with the concerns of the groups mentioned above, and what kinds of reactions is this likely to elicit? Areas in which to consider possible co-benefits are:<br/><br/><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"> | | #Which '''kinds of co-benefits''' can be expected from RE and EE in the short and longer term, how do they relate to and interact with the concerns of the groups mentioned above, and what kinds of reactions is this likely to elicit? Areas in which to consider possible co-benefits are:<br/><br/><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"> |
| | <li>'''Local employment and development''': To which extent will these technologies act as a driver of growth and create new sources of income for local populations? How many (direct, indirect, induced) jobs could be created; for whom (e.g. youth, women or men); for which level of qualification (skilled / unskilled) and for what duration (short / long term)? How much added value would be created from the expansion of RE/EE, and how would this affect economic productivity? To which extent would these new opportunities help to reduce the overall resource and carbon-intensity of an economy and stimulate the evolution of more sound, sustainable modes of production and consumption? What role will these new economic opportunities play in supporting a better alignment of the economy as a whole with the increasingly low-carbon economy of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century?</li> | | <li>'''Local employment and development''': To which extent will these technologies act as a driver of growth and create new sources of income for local populations? How many (direct, indirect, induced) jobs could be created; for whom (e.g. youth, women or men); for which level of qualification (skilled / unskilled) and for what duration (short / long term)? How much added value would be created from the expansion of RE/EE, and how would this affect economic productivity? To which extent would these new opportunities help to reduce the overall resource and carbon-intensity of an economy and stimulate the evolution of more sound, sustainable modes of production and consumption? What role will these new economic opportunities play in supporting a better alignment of the economy as a whole with the increasingly low-carbon economy of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century?</li> |
| − | <li>''Improved energy safety and security'': To what degree can RE and EE lower dependence on fossil fuels and enhance the resilience of an energy system? Do RE provide a useful approach to electrifying remote areas (or other marginal groups) that lack access to modern energy services? Can decentralized RE lower the costs of providing power to such non-electrified communities (compared to fossil fuels)?</li> | + | <li>'''Improved energy safety and security''': To what degree can RE and EE lower dependence on fossil fuels and enhance the resilience of an energy system? Do RE provide a useful approach to electrifying remote areas (or other marginal groups) that lack access to modern energy services? Can decentralized RE lower the costs of providing power to such non-electrified communities (compared to fossil fuels)?</li> |
| − | <li>''Financial and macro-economic impacts:'' How do RE and EE impact external and internal financial flows? How do they affect the trade balance and spending power of a country? Do they open up new avenues for domestic investments and create new jobs and sources of income for public entities and private households that (over)compensate for losses in the conventional energy sector?</li> | + | <li>'''Financial and macro-economic impacts''''':'' How do RE and EE impact external and internal financial flows? How do they affect the trade balance and spending power of a country? Do they open up new avenues for domestic investments and create new jobs and sources of income for public entities and private households that (over)compensate for losses in the conventional energy sector?</li> |
| | + | <li>'''Environmental and health impacts''': How much can RE and EE contribute to lowering air pollution and health hazards? To what extent can RE and EE investments lower climate change related impacts, such as heat stress, water scarcity or malnutrition?</li> |
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| | </ol> | | </ol> |
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| − | ''Environmental and health impacts:'' How much can RE and EE contribute to lowering air pollution and health hazards? To what extent can RE and EE investments lower climate change related impacts, such as heat stress, water scarcity or malnutrition?[Text]
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| | === How can the assessment of co-benefits be addressed? <span style="line-height: 21px"><span class="mw-customtoggle-title4" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:center; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">'''[Expand]'''</span></span></span><br/> === | | === How can the assessment of co-benefits be addressed? <span style="line-height: 21px"><span class="mw-customtoggle-title4" style="font-size:small; font-weight: bold; display:inline-block; float:center; color: blue"><span class="mw-customtoggletext">'''[Expand]'''</span></span></span><br/> === |
