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| | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Egypt | | {{CES Country|CES Country Name=Egypt |
| | |CES Country Capital=Cairo | | |CES Country Capital=Cairo |
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| | | | |
| | = Introduction = | | = Introduction = |
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| | Most parts of the country have a hot desert climate with extreme heat occurring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate. | | Most parts of the country have a hot desert climate with extreme heat occurring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate. |
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| | [[File:Egypt's Map.png|thumb|center|600px|Fig.1: Map of Egypt showing Examples of N.G. & C.O. Pipelines, Ports, Fields..etc (EIA, 2018)]] | | [[File:Egypt's Map.png|thumb|center|600px|Fig.1: Map of Egypt showing Examples of N.G. & C.O. Pipelines, Ports, Fields..etc (EIA, 2018)]] |
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| | Egypty is a country with a high potential of natural resources: precious stones, natural gas, oil, coal and large reserves of fossil fuel enery sources; approximately 4189 billion barrels of oil reserves and an estimated 77200 billion cubic meters of natural gas resreves, as the reserves are in the form of both mainland and coastal deposits<ref name="Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf">Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf</ref>. | | Egypty is a country with a high potential of natural resources: precious stones, natural gas, oil, coal and large reserves of fossil fuel enery sources; approximately 4189 billion barrels of oil reserves and an estimated 77200 billion cubic meters of natural gas resreves, as the reserves are in the form of both mainland and coastal deposits<ref name="Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf">Obukhov. S. & Ibrahim A. (2017). Analysis of the Energy Potential of Renewable Energy Sources Egypt. MATEC Web Conference 141, 01035. Retrieved From: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/55/matecconf_smartgrids2017_01035.pdf</ref>. |
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| | = Energy Situation = | | = Energy Situation = |
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| | During the period of the late 1990s/early 2000s, Egypt has witnessed a state of proliferation of discovering and exploiting huge natural gas reserves around the country, which drove the country to emerge as a key role player in the region as a natural gas producer and exporter<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref>. Mainly, due to the same reason as in oil, consumption of natural gas has approximately increased by 7% per year during the first decade of 2000s, and production has noticeably decreased by around 3% yearly during the period of 2009-2013, consequently limiting its natural gas exporting capacity to only 5% of its total production by 2013, and eventually driving the country to start signing importing agreements in the following years of 2014 and 2015<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.<br/> | | During the period of the late 1990s/early 2000s, Egypt has witnessed a state of proliferation of discovering and exploiting huge natural gas reserves around the country, which drove the country to emerge as a key role player in the region as a natural gas producer and exporter<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref>. Mainly, due to the same reason as in oil, consumption of natural gas has approximately increased by 7% per year during the first decade of 2000s, and production has noticeably decreased by around 3% yearly during the period of 2009-2013, consequently limiting its natural gas exporting capacity to only 5% of its total production by 2013, and eventually driving the country to start signing importing agreements in the following years of 2014 and 2015<ref name="Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf">Hegazy, K. (2015). Energy Charter Secretariat Knowledge Centre’s Occasional Paper on Egypt’s Energy Sector: Regional Cooperation Outlook and Prospects of Furthering Engagement with The Energy Charter. Retrieved From: https://energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/Egypt_and_the_Charter.pdf</ref><ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref>.<br/> |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.1: General Statistics on Oil & Natural Gas Situation in Egypt<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.1: General Statistics on Oil & Natural Gas Situation in Egypt<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:757px;" align="center" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 757px;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Oil | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | Natural Gas | + | ! scope="col" | <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oil</span><br/> |
| | + | ! scope="col" | <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Natural Gas</span><br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Total Production | + | ! scope="row" | Total Production |
| | | 680,000 bbl/day | | | 680,000 bbl/day |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 2 trillion cubic feet/day | | | style="width: 276px;" | 2 trillion cubic feet/day |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Global Production-Share<br/> | + | ! scope="row" | Global Production-Share<br/> |
| | | 0.72%<br/> | | | 0.72%<br/> |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 1.7%<br/> | | | style="width: 276px;" | 1.7%<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Proven Reserves<br/> | + | ! scope="row" | Proven Reserves<br/> |
| | | 3,900,000,000 bbl<br/> | | | 3,900,000,000 bbl<br/> |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 65.3 trillion cubic feet<br/> | | | style="width: 276px;" | 65.3 trillion cubic feet<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Global Proven Reserves-Share<br/> | + | ! scope="row" | Global Proven Reserves-Share<br/> |
| | | 0.2%<br/> | | | 0.2%<br/> |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 1% | | | style="width: 276px;" | 1% |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | % Total Domestic Consumption<br/> | + | ! scope="row" | % Total Domestic Consumption<br/> |
| | | 41% | | | 41% |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 53% | | | style="width: 276px;" | 53% |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Imports | + | ! scope="row" | Imports |
| | | 80,000 bbl/day<br/> | | | 80,000 bbl/day<br/> |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | To Be Updated | | | style="width: 276px;" | To Be Updated |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Exports | + | ! scope="row" | Exports |
| | | 189,000 bbl/day<br/> | | | 189,000 bbl/day<br/> |
| | | style="width: 276px;" | 0.1 trillion cubic feet/year<br/> | | | style="width: 276px;" | 0.1 trillion cubic feet/year<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | | + | ! scope="row" | |
| | Export Destinations | | Export Destinations |
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| | |} | | |} |
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| − | According to reports from American Security Project (ASP) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Egypt has produced approximately 13.2-13.7 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh) of electricity, using hydropower in the period 2012/2013<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>. Hydropower accounts for about 9% of the total country’s power generation, and around 3% of the country’s total energy consumption, however, the majority of the Nile hydropower’s capacity in Egypt has already been exploited and is on the decline<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>. | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | According to reports from American Security Project (ASP) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Egypt has produced approximately 13.2-13.7 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh) of electricity, using hydropower in the period 2012/2013<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>.<br/> |
| | + | |
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| | + | Hydropower accounts for about 9% of the total country’s power generation, and around 3% of the country’s total energy consumption, however, the majority of the Nile hydropower’s capacity in Egypt has already been exploited and is declining<ref name="Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf">Park, S. (2015). American Security Project (ASP)’s Report on Energy in Egypt: Background and Issues. Retrieved From: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Ref-0190-Energy-in-Egypt-Background-and-Issues.pdf</ref><ref name="United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2017). Energy Profile: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20490/Energy_profile_Egypt.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref>. |
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| | [[File:Egypt Electricity Access (Urban & Rural).png|thumb|center|450px|Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)|alt=Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> | | [[File:Egypt Electricity Access (Urban & Rural).png|thumb|center|450px|Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)|alt=Fig.3: Urban & Rural Energy Access in Egypt 1990-2015 (Tracking SDG7, 2018)]]<br/> |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.2: Percentage of Egyptian Population's Access to Electricity & Clean Cooking<ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf">Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | Table.2: Percentage of Egyptian Population's Access to Electricity & Clean Cooking<ref name="Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf">Tracking SDG7. (2018). The Energy Progress Report. Retrieved From: https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/tracking_sdg7-the_energy_progress_report_full_report.pdf</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
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| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/>
| + | ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Access to
| + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="2" scope="col" | Access to |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Electricity | + | ! scope="row" | Electricity |
| − | | Clean Cooking | + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="2" | Clean Cooking<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | % of Population | + | ! scope="row" | % of Population |
| | | style="text-align: center;" | 100% | | | style="text-align: center;" | 100% |
| | | style="text-align: center;" | 98% | | | style="text-align: center;" | 98% |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | <br/> | + | == <span style="background-color: initial; font-size: 19.04px;">Production </span><br/> == |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.3: Egypt’s Production of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | == Production in egypt ==
| + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | Table.3: Egypt’s Production of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | <br/> | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2012 | + | ! scope="col" | 2012 |
| − | | 2013 | + | ! scope="col" | 2013 |
| − | | 2014 | + | ! scope="col" | 2014 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Coal | + | ! scope="row" | Coal |
| | | 20 | | | 20 |
| | | 14 | | | 14 |
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| | | 0 | | | 0 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Crude Oil | + | ! scope="row" | Crude Oil |
| | | 33189 | | | 33189 |
| | | 30111 | | | 30111 |
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| | | 31885 | | | 31885 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Natural gas | + | ! scope="row" | Natural gas |
| | | 18555 | | | 18555 |
| | | 35901 | | | 35901 |
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| | | 35362 | | | 35362 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Electricity from Fossil Fuels | + | ! scope="row" | Electricity from Fossil Fuels |
| | | 5302 | | | 5302 |
| | | 8211 | | | 8211 |
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| | | 14679 | | | 14679 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Hydro Electricity | + | ! scope="row" | Hydro Electricity |
| | | 1260 | | | 1260 |
| | | 1087 | | | 1087 |
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| | | 1187 | | | 1187 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Electricity from Renewables | + | ! scope="row" | Electricity from Renewables |
| | | 12 | | | 12 |
| | | 47 | | | 47 |
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| | | 165 | | | 165 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Refinery/Oil Porducts | + | ! scope="row" | Refinery/Oil Porducts |
| | | 23449 | | | 23449 |
| | | 28561 | | | 28561 |
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| | | style="width: 321px;" | [[File:Installed Capacity of different fuels in the fy 2015-16 piechart.png|thumb|center|301px|Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)|alt=Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)]] | | | style="width: 321px;" | [[File:Installed Capacity of different fuels in the fy 2015-16 piechart.png|thumb|center|301px|Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)|alt=Fig.5: Egyptian Installed Capacity of Different Energy Sources by the Fiscal Year 2015-2016 (EIA, 2018)]] |
| | |} | | |} |
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| | Through this sub-chapter, different consumption data will be presented, using different sources, to get a holistic view as possible of the energy consumption situation in the country. | | Through this sub-chapter, different consumption data will be presented, using different sources, to get a holistic view as possible of the energy consumption situation in the country. |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.4: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.4: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Rate | + | ! scope="row" | Rate |
| | | 7.8 | | | 7.8 |
| | | 10.5 | | | 10.5 |
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| | | 91.6 | | | 91.6 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.5: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel 2016-2017 Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.5: Egypt’s Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel 2016-2017 Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | <br/> | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | Oil | + | ! scope="col" | Oil |
| − | | Natural Gas | + | ! scope="col" | Natural Gas |
| − | | Coal | + | ! scope="col" | Coal |
| − | | Nuclear | + | ! scope="col" | Nuclear |
| − | | Hydro-Electric | + | ! scope="col" | Hydro-Electric |
| − | | Renewables | + | ! scope="col" | Renewables |
| − | | Total | + | ! scope="col" | Total |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="row" | 2016 |
| | | 42 | | | 42 |
| | | 42.4 | | | 42.4 |
| Line 307: |
Line 304: |
| | | 88.2 | | | 88.2 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="row" | 2017 |
| | | 39.7 | | | 39.7 |
| | | 48.1 | | | 48.1 |
| Line 316: |
Line 313: |
| | | 91.6 | | | 91.6 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.6: Egypt’s Final Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.6: Egypt’s Final Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | <br/> | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2012 | + | ! scope="col" | 2012 |
| − | | 2013 | + | ! scope="col" | 2013 |
| − | | 2014 | + | ! scope="col" | 2014 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Coal | + | ! scope="row" | Coal |
| | | 453 | | | 453 |
| | | 203 | | | 203 |
| Line 341: |
Line 336: |
| | | 224 | | | 224 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Oil | + | ! scope="row" | Oil |
| | | 17898 | | | 17898 |
| | | 20156 | | | 20156 |
| Line 351: |
Line 346: |
| | | 37028 | | | 37028 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Natural Gas | + | ! scope="row" | Natural Gas |
| | | 4274 | | | 4274 |
| | | 9182 | | | 9182 |
| Line 371: |
Line 366: |
| | | 13630 | | | 13630 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.7: Egypt’s Industrial Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.7: Egypt’s Industrial Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | <br/> | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2012 | + | ! scope="col" | 2012 |
| − | | 2013 | + | ! scope="col" | 2013 |
| − | | 2014 | + | ! scope="col" | 2014 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Oil | + | ! scope="row" | Oil |
| | | 5461 | | | 5461 |
| | | 5548 | | | 5548 |
| Line 396: |
Line 389: |
| | | 7080 | | | 7080 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Natural Gas | + | ! scope="row" | Natural Gas |
| | | 2072 | | | 2072 |
| | | 5567 | | | 5567 |
| Line 406: |
Line 399: |
| | | 9536 | | | 9536 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Electricity | + | ! scope="row" | Electricity |
| | | 2111 | | | 2111 |
| | | 2812 | | | 2812 |
| Line 416: |
Line 409: |
| | | 3612 | | | 3612 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Coal | + | ! scope="row" | Coal |
| | | 453 | | | 453 |
| | | 203 | | | 203 |
| Line 426: |
Line 419: |
| | | 224 | | | 224 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.8: Egypt’s Transport Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.8: Egypt’s Transport Consumption of Different Energy Sources during the 2000s in Ktoe<ref name="African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf">African Energy Commission (AFREC). (2017). Africa Energy Database. Retrieved From: https://afrec-energy.org/Docs/En/PDF/2017/statistics_2017_afrec.pdf</ref> | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| − | | + | |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | <br/> | + | ! scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2012 | + | ! scope="col" | 2012 |
| − | | 2013 | + | ! scope="col" | 2013 |
| − | | 2014 | + | ! scope="col" | 2014 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Oil | + | ! scope="row" | Oil |
| | | 9060 | | | 9060 |
| | | 9371 | | | 9371 |
| Line 451: |
Line 442: |
| | | 17312 | | | 17312 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Electricity | + | ! scope="row" | Electricity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 481: |
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| | | | |
| | In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds (about 13.8 billion EUR) on fuel subsidies, which equals 7% of the GDP<ref name="http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf">http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf</ref>. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12% of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third <ref name="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd">http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd</ref>.<br/><br/> | | In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds (about 13.8 billion EUR) on fuel subsidies, which equals 7% of the GDP<ref name="http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf">http://www.iisd.org/GSI/sites/default/files/ffs_egypt_update_august_2014.pdf</ref>. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12% of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third <ref name="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd">http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9da3cb08-007d-11e4-a3f2-00144feab7de.html#axzz3PwcopOCd</ref>.<br/><br/> |
| − |
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| | | | |
| | == Electricity<br/> == | | == Electricity<br/> == |
| | | | |
| | === General Data === | | === General Data === |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Table.9: The General Electricity Situation in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></span><br/></p> |
| − | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | + | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/>
| + | ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" scope="row" | <br/> |
| − | | rowspan="1" colspan="5" | Electricity
| + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="10" scope="col" | Electricity<br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Production | + | ! scope="row" | Production |
| − | | Consumption
| + | ! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Consumption</span><br/> |
| − | | Exports
| + | ! Exports |
| − | | Imports
| + | ! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Imports</span><br/> |
| − | | Installed Generating Capacity
| + | ! <span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Installed Generating Capacity</span><br/> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Rate | + | ! scope="row" | Rate |
| | | 171.9 billion kWh | | | 171.9 billion kWh |
| | | 150.4 billion kWh | | | 150.4 billion kWh |
| Line 506: |
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| | | 38.88 million kWh | | | 38.88 million kWh |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | World Ranking | + | ! scope="row" | World Ranking |
| | | 24 | | | 24 |
| | | 25 | | | 25 |
| Line 519: |
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| | | | |
| | According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s 2018 report, only around 300,000 people of the whole Egyptian population is currently without access to electricity. | | According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s 2018 report, only around 300,000 people of the whole Egyptian population is currently without access to electricity. |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.10: Electrification Percentages in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></p> |
| − | Table.10: Electrification Percentages in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/> | | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/> |
| − | | rowspan="1" colspan="3" | Electrification
| + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="3" | Electrification |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Total Population
| + | ! Total Population |
| − | | Urban Areas
| + | ! Urban Areas |
| − | | Rural Areas
| + | ! Rural Areas |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | |
| + | ! % |
| | | 99.6 | | | 99.6 |
| | | 100 | | | 100 |
| Line 540: |
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| | | | |
| | === Installed Capacity and Generation<br/> === | | === Installed Capacity and Generation<br/> === |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.11: Percentages of Different Electricity-Generating Energy-Sources in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref></p> |
| − | Table.11: Percentages of Different Electricity-Generating Energy-Sources in Egypt<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2018). The World FactBook: Africa: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/> | | | rowspan="2" colspan="1" | <br/> |
| − | | rowspan="1" colspan="4" | Electricity Generated From:
| + | ! rowspan="1" colspan="4" | Electricity Generated From: |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 146px;" | '''Fossil Fuels''' | | | style="width: 146px;" | '''Fossil Fuels''' |
| Line 555: |
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| | ! Other Renewables | | ! Other Renewables |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | % of the Total Installed Capacity
| + | ! % of the Total Installed Capacity |
| | | style="width: 146px;" | 90.5 | | | style="width: 146px;" | 90.5 |
| | | style="width: 148px;" | 0 | | | style="width: 148px;" | 0 |
| Line 561: |
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| | | 2.2 | | | 2.2 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | World Ranking
| + | ! World Ranking |
| | | style="width: 146px;" | 58 | | | style="width: 146px;" | 58 |
| | | style="width: 148px;" | 83 | | | style="width: 148px;" | 83 |
| Line 627: |
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| | | style="width: 135px" | 30,803 | | | style="width: 135px" | 30,803 |
| | |} | | |} |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | In addition, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.<br/> | | In addition, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.<br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage of network losses were 11.02%.<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><br/> | | Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage of network losses were 11.02%.<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref><br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh. The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) operates with five-year plans. The current one (2012-2017) foresees the installation of 15.000 MW additional capacity. However, due to the increasing demand, the reserve margin is still expected to remain tight.<ref>https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref><br/> | | Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh. The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) operates with five-year plans. The current one (2012-2017) foresees the installation of 15.000 MW additional capacity. However, due to the increasing demand, the reserve margin is still expected to remain tight.<ref>https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/20524/922240PUB0978100Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1</ref><br/> |
| Line 715: |
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| | | | |
| | In 2012/2013, the carrier grid consisted of 43,634 km total transmission lines and cables. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered. The network is interconnected with the grids of Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. There are ongoing studies<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> for interconnections with Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Eastern Nile Basin (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Greece.<br/> | | In 2012/2013, the carrier grid consisted of 43,634 km total transmission lines and cables. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered. The network is interconnected with the grids of Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. There are ongoing studies<ref name="http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf">http://www.egelec.com/mysite1/pdf/report%20E.pdf</ref> for interconnections with Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Eastern Nile Basin (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Greece.<br/> |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.14: Indicators of Egyptian Grid<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.14: Indicators of Egyptian Grid<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Category | + | ! scope="row" | Category |
| − | | Installed Capacity | + | ! scope="col" | Installed Capacity |
| − | | Max Load | + | ! scope="col" | Max Load |
| − | | Transmission Grid | + | ! scope="col" | Transmission Grid |
| − | | Generated Energy | + | ! scope="col" | Generated Energy |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Indicator | + | ! scope="row" | Indicator |
| | | 45192 MW | | | 45192 MW |
| | | 30400 MW | | | 30400 MW |
| Line 738: |
Line 727: |
| | | | |
| | The prices of electricity in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian and are highly subsidized. The tariff structure varies according to the type of consumption (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial) and amount consumed. Since the tariff is higher for higher consumption, there is an incentive to consume less. The lowest category of the residential tariff, up to 50 KWh/month, has remained unchanged since 1993 at 5 piasters (approximately 0.6 €-ct) per KWh.<br/> | | The prices of electricity in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian and are highly subsidized. The tariff structure varies according to the type of consumption (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial) and amount consumed. Since the tariff is higher for higher consumption, there is an incentive to consume less. The lowest category of the residential tariff, up to 50 KWh/month, has remained unchanged since 1993 at 5 piasters (approximately 0.6 €-ct) per KWh.<br/> |
| − |
| |
| − | Since 2007, the government has been trying to cut costs for subsidies. In July 2014, electricity prices were increased as part of a five-year plan which aims to start generating profits from electricity, which is currently sold for less than half its production cost<ref name="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html">http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html</ref>.<br/><br/>
| |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | Since 2007, the government has been trying to cut costs for subsidies. In July 2014, electricity prices were increased as part of a five-year plan which aims to start generating profits from electricity, which is currently sold for less than half its production cost<ref name="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html">http://english.alarabiya.net/en/business/2014/07/04/Minister-Egypt-raises-electricity-prices-.html</ref>.<br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Renewable Energy<br/> = | | = Renewable Energy<br/> = |
| | | | |
| − | == General Data == | + | == General Data<br/> == |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.15: Egyptian Renewable Energy Production since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | == General Data == | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | Table.15: Egyptian Renewable Energy Production from Mid-60s till Latest 2000s in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Produced Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Produced Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 777: |
Line 762: |
| | | 2.7 | | | 2.7 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.16: Egyptian Renewable Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.16: Egyptian Renewable Energy Consumption from Mid-60s till Latest 2000s in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Consumed Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 814: |
Line 797: |
| | | | |
| | In 2012, electricity production from renewable energy sources reached 14,855 GWh<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat</ref>, which is a share of 9.04% of the total electricity production. While 13,358 GWh (8.13%) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 1,260 GWh (0.77%) and solar PV 237 GWh (0.14%).<br/> | | In 2012, electricity production from renewable energy sources reached 14,855 GWh<ref name="http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat">http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=EGYPT&product=ElectricityandHeat</ref>, which is a share of 9.04% of the total electricity production. While 13,358 GWh (8.13%) were produced by hydropower installations, wind power contributed another 1,260 GWh (0.77%) and solar PV 237 GWh (0.14%).<br/> |
| − |
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | == Hydro == | | == Hydro == |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.17: Egyptian Hydro-Generation since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | Table.17: Egyptian Hydro-Generation from Mid-60s till Latest-2000s in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Generated Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Generated Capacity |
| | | 1.7 | | | 1.7 |
| | | 6.8 | | | 6.8 |
| Line 849: |
Line 828: |
| | | 13.4 | | | 13.4 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.18: Egyptian Hydro-Consumption from since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.18: Egyptian Hydro-Consumption from Mid-60s till Latest-2000s in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Consumed Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity |
| | | .4 | | | .4 |
| | | 1.5 | | | 1.5 |
| Line 884: |
Line 861: |
| | | | |
| | The latest estimates of the hydropower installed capacity are approximately 2842 MW, accounting for about 7.2-9% of the total generated mix<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. Also, the ongoing implementation of 32 MW hydropower project in Assiut governorate and a 2400 MW pumping and storage plant in Attaqa-Suez, that is supposed to be operating by 2022, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy & the Egyptian Holding Electricity Company<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref>. | | The latest estimates of the hydropower installed capacity are approximately 2842 MW, accounting for about 7.2-9% of the total generated mix<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. Also, the ongoing implementation of 32 MW hydropower project in Assiut governorate and a 2400 MW pumping and storage plant in Attaqa-Suez, that is supposed to be operating by 2022, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy & the Egyptian Holding Electricity Company<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref>. |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.19: Egypt's Hydroelectric Plants<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | Table.19: Egypt's Hydroelectric Plants<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Operator | + | ! scope="row" | Operator |
| − | | Comissioning Date | + | ! scope="col" | Comissioning Date |
| − | | Installed Capacity (MW) | + | ! scope="col" | Installed Capacity (MW) |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | High Dam | + | ! scope="row" | High Dam |
| | | 1967 | | | 1967 |
| | | 2100 | | | 2100 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Aswan Dam 1 | + | ! scope="row" | Aswan Dam 1 |
| | | 1960 | | | 1960 |
| | | 280 | | | 280 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Aswan Dam 2 | + | ! scope="row" | Aswan Dam 2 |
| | | 1985/86 | | | 1985/86 |
| | | 270 | | | 270 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Esna | + | ! scope="row" | Esna |
| | | 1993 | | | 1993 |
| | | 86 | | | 86 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Nag' Hamadi | + | ! scope="row" | Nag' Hamadi |
| | | 2008 | | | 2008 |
| | | 64 | | | 64 |
| Line 917: |
Line 892: |
| | | | |
| | == Wind == | | == Wind == |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.20: Egyptian Wind-Power Generation since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | Table.20: Egyptian Wind-Power Generation from the Mid-60s til Late-2000s in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Generation Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Generation Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 946: |
Line 919: |
| | | 2.5 | | | 2.5 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.21: Egyptian Wind-Energy Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.21: Egyptian Wind-Energy Consumption from Mid-60s til Late-2000s in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Consumed Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Consumed Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 980: |
Line 951: |
| | [[File:Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.10: Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017)]] | | [[File:Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017).PNG|thumb|center|800px|Fig.10: Egyptian Wind-Energy Generation (IEA, 2017)]] |
| | | | |
| − | Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, with many coastal regions, where high and stable wind speeds are frequent, especially in the Gulf of Suez and the Nile Valley, as wind speed could reach 10.5 m/s at 50m height<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>
| + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | Table.22: Egyptian Wind Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>
| + | Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, with many coastal regions, where high and stable wind speeds are frequent, especially in the Gulf of Suez and the Nile Valley, as wind speed could reach 10.5 m/s at 50m height<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.22: Egyptian Wind Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref><ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p> |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Indicator | + | ! scope="row" | Indicator |
| − | | Installed Capacity | + | ! scope="col" | Installed Capacity |
| − | | Generated Energy | + | ! scope="col" | Generated Energy |
| − | | Fuel Savings | + | ! scope="col" | Fuel Savings |
| − | | CO<sub>2</sub> Reductions | + | ! scope="col" | CO<sub>2</sub> Reductions |
| − | | Potential Capacities | + | ! scope="col" | Potential Capacities |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Value | + | ! scope="row" | Value |
| | | 750-753 MW | | | 750-753 MW |
| | | 12600 GWh | | | 12600 GWh |
| Line 1,000: |
Line 973: |
| | | 30000 MW | | | 30000 MW |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.23: Egyptian Major Wind Farms<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.23: Egyptian Major Wind Farms<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Farm | + | ! scope="row" | Farm |
| − | | Za'farana | + | ! scope="col" | Za'farana |
| − | | Gebel El-Zeit | + | ! scope="col" | Gebel El-Zeit |
| − | | Hurghada | + | ! scope="col" | Hurghada |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Generated Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Generated Capacity |
| | | 547 MW | | | 547 MW |
| | | 200 MW | | | 200 MW |
| Line 1,019: |
Line 990: |
| | | | |
| | == Solar == | | == Solar == |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.24: Egyptian Solar Production since 1965 in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | Table.24: Egyptian Solar Production from Mid-60s til Latest-2000s in Twh<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Procution Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Procution Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 1,048: |
Line 1,017: |
| | | .2 | | | .2 |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;"><br/>Table.25: Egyptian Solar Consumption since 1965 in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref></p> |
| − | <br/>Table.25: Egyptian Solar Consumption from Mid-60s til Latest-2000s in Mtoe<ref name="BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html">BP. (2018). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Retrieved From: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/downloads.html</ref> | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Year | + | ! scope="row" | Year |
| − | | 1965 | + | ! scope="col" | 1965 |
| − | | 1975 | + | ! scope="col" | 1975 |
| − | | 1985 | + | ! scope="col" | 1985 |
| − | | 1995 | + | ! scope="col" | 1995 |
| − | | 2000 | + | ! scope="col" | 2000 |
| − | | 2005 | + | ! scope="col" | 2005 |
| − | | 2010 | + | ! scope="col" | 2010 |
| − | | 2015 | + | ! scope="col" | 2015 |
| − | | 2016 | + | ! scope="col" | 2016 |
| − | | 2017 | + | ! scope="col" | 2017 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Consumption Capacity | + | ! scope="row" | Consumption Capacity |
| | | - | | | - |
| | | - | | | - |
| Line 1,086: |
Line 1,053: |
| | Also, the Egyptian government has a huge scheme to boost the solar sector by installing a 1.8 GW solar park, which to be developed in Benban<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. As part of reaching that goal, the Egyptian government has closed two deals on two different fronts; the 1st is with Norway's Scatec Solar to build six solar photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 400 MW, while the 2nd is with Saudi firma Acwa for another three solar photovoltaic plants with a capacity of 120 MW<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. | | Also, the Egyptian government has a huge scheme to boost the solar sector by installing a 1.8 GW solar park, which to be developed in Benban<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. As part of reaching that goal, the Egyptian government has closed two deals on two different fronts; the 1st is with Norway's Scatec Solar to build six solar photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 400 MW, while the 2nd is with Saudi firma Acwa for another three solar photovoltaic plants with a capacity of 120 MW<ref name="U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf">U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2018). Country Analysis Brief: Egypt. Retrieved From: https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Egypt/egypt.pdf</ref>. |
| | | | |
| − | Table.26: Egyptian Solar Potential Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref> | + | <br/> |
| − | | + | <p style="text-align: center;">Table.26: Egyptian Solar Potential Indicators<ref name="Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf">Abo Salem, A. (2017). Egyptian Renewable Energy Plan. Retrieved From: http://auptde.org/Article_Files/Egypt.pdf</ref></p> |
| | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" | | {| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width:100%;" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Indicator | + | ! scope="row" | Indicator |
| − | | Direct Solar Radiaton | + | ! scope="col" | Direct Solar Radiaton |
| − | | Sunshine Duration | + | ! scope="col" | Sunshine Duration |
| − | | Potential Capacities | + | ! scope="col" | Potential Capacities |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | Value | + | ! scope="row" | Value |
| | | 2000-3000 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year | | | 2000-3000 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/year |
| | | 9-11 hours/day | | | 9-11 hours/day |
| | | >50000 MW | | | >50000 MW |
| | |} | | |} |
| − |
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa and borders with Libya in the West, Sudan in the South and Palestinian territories and Israel in the East, while in the North, it is washed by the Mediterranean. Its population is mainly concentrated along the river Nile, as the rest of the country's territory is largely desert.
Most parts of the country have a hot desert climate with extreme heat occurring during summer. An exception is the northern Mediterranean coast which receives more rainfall during winter and has a generally more moderate climate.
Egypty is a country with a high potential of natural resources: precious stones, natural gas, oil, coal and large reserves of fossil fuel enery sources; approximately 4189 billion barrels of oil reserves and an estimated 77200 billion cubic meters of natural gas resreves, as the reserves are in the form of both mainland and coastal deposits[1].
While more than 90% of the Egyptian generated electricity comes only from oil and natural gas, the major problem that Egypt encounters, especially in the energy-sector is the dynamic growth of population, which is estimated by around 1.3% per year, consequently increasing demand, which eventually fastens the rate of depleting the country's major resources[2][3][1][4].
According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), it is the largest non-OPEC oil producer in Africa and the third largest dry natural gas producer on the continent, following Algeria & Nigeria[5].
The country also represents a vital role-player in the international energy market, as a major transit route, by operating the Suez Canal and the Suez Mediterranean Pipleline (SUMED)[6], through which the oil is shipped from the Persian Gulf to Europe and the United States[3][5].
Egypt has been known to mainly depend, in all its energy-related activities, on three major sources: oil, natural gas and the hydroelectric power generated from the large dam projects over the Nile: the High Dam, Aswan I & Aswan II[3][4][7].
Despite being a major producer and net exporter of oil, especially in the 1990s, when its oil production peaked, reaching approximately over 900000 bbl/day, Egypt has become a net oil importer around 2009/2010[4]. Thus can be traced back to both economic and population accelerated growth, which accompanied the beginning of the new millennium, leading to an increase in consumption by about 3% per year, resulting in growing of demand, and falling in production, that could roughly meet consumption requirements, resulting in a significant drop in the country’s oil refinery output since 2009[3][4].
During the period of the late 1990s/early 2000s, Egypt has witnessed a state of proliferation of discovering and exploiting huge natural gas reserves around the country, which drove the country to emerge as a key role player in the region as a natural gas producer and exporter[3]. Mainly, due to the same reason as in oil, consumption of natural gas has approximately increased by 7% per year during the first decade of 2000s, and production has noticeably decreased by around 3% yearly during the period of 2009-2013, consequently limiting its natural gas exporting capacity to only 5% of its total production by 2013, and eventually driving the country to start signing importing agreements in the following years of 2014 and 2015[3][4].
According to reports from American Security Project (ASP) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Egypt has produced approximately 13.2-13.7 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh) of electricity, using hydropower in the period 2012/2013[4][7].
Hydropower accounts for about 9% of the total country’s power generation, and around 3% of the country’s total energy consumption, however, the majority of the Nile hydropower’s capacity in Egypt has already been exploited and is declining[4][7].
According to the latest Tracking SDG7 Report on The Energy Progress, that was jointly prepared by:International Energy Agency (IEA), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank Group and World Health Organization, the state of energy access through Egypt is illustrated through the following table and figures[8]:
The report shows that since around 2014/2015, the total Egyptian population has had access to reliable energy sources, and only 2% of the whole population has no access to clean cooking[8].
Table.2: Percentage of Egyptian Population's Access to Electricity & Clean Cooking[8]
With accordance to the EIA's report on Egypt (2018), the following graph and pie-chart highlight the installed capacity of different energ sources in the country from 2007-2016 in terms of fiscal years.
Egypt is by far the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa, showing 22% of petroleum and other liquids of the continent's total consumption and 37% of its dry natural gas consumption[5].
The main drivers of the rapid growth of the country's consumption of oil and natural gas can be summarized in the follwoing[5]:
Through this sub-chapter, different consumption data will be presented, using different sources, to get a holistic view as possible of the energy consumption situation in the country.
Egypt is a net exporter of crude oil and natural gas, however, the combination of increasing consumption and declining production has led to a decline in natural gas exports since 2009, as the government started to divert natural gas supplies from exports, in order to satisfy domestic demand, eventually turning the country into a natural gas importer since 2015[5].
In terms of coal and peat, Egypt is a net importer, and coal imports are even expected to increase in the short-medium term, since the Egyptian government has approved the industrial use of coal in April 2014, and in the same year signed a construction deal for the first coal-fired power in the country.
In 2013, the Egyptian government spent 120 billion Egyptian pounds (about 13.8 billion EUR) on fuel subsidies, which equals 7% of the GDP[11]. These costs in combination with economic stagnation have contributed to the increasing deficit, which reached about 12% of GDP in 2013. In order to alleviate this burden, the Egyptian government announced spending cuts on energy subsidies in June 2014. The Financial Times reported that these subsidies are going to be cut by almost a third [12].
According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)'s 2018 report, only around 300,000 people of the whole Egyptian population is currently without access to electricity.
Table.11: Percentages of Different Electricity-Generating Energy-Sources in Egypt[13]
Between 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, the total installed capacity increased about 6 %, reaching 30,803 MW, due to added thermal plants. The installed capacity development by type of generation since 2008 is outlined in table 12.
In addition, Egypt has 30 decentralized power plants, mostly diesel and gas turbine units which are not connected to the national grid. The combined installed capacities of these plants added up to 224 MW in 2012/2013. Approximately 234.5 GWh of electricity were supplied to local users including tourist resorts.
Egypt is a net exporter of electricity, importing 77 GWh while exporting 474 GWh of electricity in 2012. In 2012/2013, the average percentage of network losses were 11.02%.[14]
Between 2001 and 2012, electricity production rose from 83,282 GWh to 164,364 GWh. The main source for the production of electricity is gas (66%) followed by hydro (18.2%) and oil (15.6%).[14] The Egyptian Electricity Holding Company (EEHC) operates with five-year plans. The current one (2012-2017) foresees the installation of 15.000 MW additional capacity. However, due to the increasing demand, the reserve margin is still expected to remain tight.[15]
The main consumer of electricity in Egypt is the residential sector which accounts for 42% of the total consumption, followed by the industrial sector (28%). The consumption of the residential sector has been steadily increasing in the recent years. According to the Ministry of Electricity and Energy, this is due to two factors: the expansion of residential compounds and new communities as well as the use of domestic appliances, air conditioners in particular, during hot weather. The development of the electricity consumption per sector is outlined in table 13.
In 2012/2013, the carrier grid consisted of 43,634 km total transmission lines and cables. The grid is subdivided into six geographical zones, namely Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria and West Delta, Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt. The country’s entire territory is covered. The network is interconnected with the grids of Libya, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. There are ongoing studies[14] for interconnections with Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Eastern Nile Basin (Sudan and Ethiopia) and Greece.
The prices of electricity in Egypt range among the lowest in the world. The prices are fixed by the Egyptian and are highly subsidized. The tariff structure varies according to the type of consumption (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial) and amount consumed. Since the tariff is higher for higher consumption, there is an incentive to consume less. The lowest category of the residential tariff, up to 50 KWh/month, has remained unchanged since 1993 at 5 piasters (approximately 0.6 €-ct) per KWh.
Since 2007, the government has been trying to cut costs for subsidies. In July 2014, electricity prices were increased as part of a five-year plan which aims to start generating profits from electricity, which is currently sold for less than half its production cost[17].
The latest estimates of the hydropower installed capacity are approximately 2842 MW, accounting for about 7.2-9% of the total generated mix[16][5]. Also, the ongoing implementation of 32 MW hydropower project in Assiut governorate and a 2400 MW pumping and storage plant in Attaqa-Suez, that is supposed to be operating by 2022, according to the Egyptian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy & the Egyptian Holding Electricity Company[16].
Egypt is endowed with abundant wind energy resources, with many coastal regions, where high and stable wind speeds are frequent, especially in the Gulf of Suez and the Nile Valley, as wind speed could reach 10.5 m/s at 50m height[16][5].
Though solar energy use in the country is still in its infancy, yet the country has a great potential in the solar sector. With accordance to the EIA's latest report, the country only has 30 MW of installed solar capacity so far[5]. Additionally, there is one solar thermal project, an integrated solar combined-cycle power plant. Here, the solar power partially replaces fossil fuel. The plant has an overall capacity of 140 MW, of which the solar input is 20 MW. More PV projects are in the pipeline, one in Hurghada (20 MW, expected start of operation 2016), and one in Kom Ombo (20 MW, expected the start of operation 2016).[19]
Also, the Egyptian government has a huge scheme to boost the solar sector by installing a 1.8 GW solar park, which to be developed in Benban[5]. As part of reaching that goal, the Egyptian government has closed two deals on two different fronts; the 1st is with Norway's Scatec Solar to build six solar photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 400 MW, while the 2nd is with Saudi firma Acwa for another three solar photovoltaic plants with a capacity of 120 MW[5].
The main and utmost challenge that Egypt currently faces, that is mentioned in almost any literature that is related to energy in Egypt, is the un-controlable and continuously increasing population growth. Yet, the Egyptian energy sector has few other challenges that need to be dealt with adequately and seriously, otherwise Egypt will have to deal with a catastrophic energy situation within the few years to come. These challenges can be summarized in the following points:
In the area of fossil power plants, Egypt already works with Independent Power Producers (IPPs). The first contract under a power purchase agreement (PPA) was signed in 1998.[24] In 2012/13, the following IPPs feed a total 33 GWh into the Egyptian electricity grid: Petrochemicals (15 GWh), Carbon Black (1 GWh), Talkha Fertilizer and Ghazl El-Mahaala (17 GWh)[14].
However, the association is also engaged in the promotion of wind energy in developing countries in general.
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Along with the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the United States, France, the EU and Japan, Germany is Egypt’s leading partner in terms of official development assistance. Egypt is one of the priority partner countries of the German development policy. Since 1963, Egypt has received approximately 6 billion EUR of aggregate commitments from Germany. The current focus areas of the bilateral cooperation are water management, renewable energies, energy efficiency and climate change.[27]
