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| − | '''<span style="font-size: 14pt;">International experience with polyethylene tube digesters (PTD)</span>''' | + | '''<span style="font-size: 14pt;">International Experience with Polyethylene Tube Digesters (PTD)</span>''' |
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| | == ''Kenya'' == | | == ''Kenya'' == |
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| | + | For a summary of the status of PTDs in Kenya: [http://energypedia.info/index.php/Plastic_Tube_Digesters_in_Kenya click here]<br> |
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| | <span>After a false start in promoting this energy source in Kenya | | <span>After a false start in promoting this energy source in Kenya |
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| | <span>It is concluded that the main reasons for failure was insufficient training of farmers and insufficient follow up by Surude. </span> | | <span>It is concluded that the main reasons for failure was insufficient training of farmers and insufficient follow up by Surude. </span> |
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| − | ''<span>(Evaluation of small scale biogas digesters in</span>'' Turiani, Nronga and Amani, Tanzania by University of Aarhus, Denmark) | + | ''<span>(Evaluation of small scale biogas digesters in</span>'' Turiani, Nronga and Amani, Tanzania by University of Aarhus, Denmark)<br> |
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Revision as of 15:57, 25 March 2011
International Experience with Polyethylene Tube Digesters (PTD)
Overview
Polyethylene biogas digesters have been used in several countries since the 1990s. In some areas they have been abandoned after unsuccessful introduction but their usage has never stopped completely. Reports show that the lifespan of the plastic tubes is always a main issue. However, dependable data about the lifespan and reliability of digester bags is rare.
PTDs can only function properly if the farmers take good care of the digesters. This needs intensive training and raised responsibility amongst the farmers. If they do, experiences show that most problems are easy to handle and can be fixed by farmers themselves.
Below some information is summarized from GIZ projects and from the internet regarding the experiences with plastic tube digesters in different countries.
Bolivia
See what GIZ Endev is doing in Bolivia: click here
Honduras
In Honduras, the distribution of polyethylene plastic tube
digesters faces several problems: They must be purchased in large
quantities. Need of a third party to act as a distributor to farmers. Flooding for digesters laid in trench
(Emerging Biodigester Technology in Honduras: Biophysical Process and Operation by N. Stuart Green; Montana Tech of the University of Montana, 1999)
Kenya
For a summary of the status of PTDs in Kenya: click here
After a false start in promoting this energy source in Kenya
in the mid 1990s, it was successfully reintroduced by KARI-Embu in
2005. According to Erastus Kiruiro from KARI-Embu there are around 300
tubular digesters in use, mostly in Central Kenya but also around
Nairobi
(The Organic Farmer, The Magazine for sustainable agriculture in Kenya, Nr. 45 February 2009)
Based on Promoting Biogas Systems in Kenya,
“Pioneer Technologies” (a Kenyan plastic company) has built 200 plants since 2006. They improved the plastic tubes to be better sun and pressure resistant.
It has not been a successful story yet due to:
- There is no reliable back-up support.
- The digester seems to
suffer from effects of variable temperature, and there is a possibility
that the heat catalyses some reactions that produce other volatile
gases as well as methane.
It is still a promising approach which is strongly driven
by KARI. Currently there are many problems and referring to the
feasibility study mentioned above 4 of 5 visited plants had some
technical problems but most of them could have been solved easily.
“Development of the plastic tubular technology was initiated in August 2006.
The Plastic Tubular bio-digesters are designed for
households with two to three animals although bigger ones have been
installed. Capacity of the former is about 8-9 m3, with a gas holding
chamber of 1-3 m3. A larger one that doubles this size has already been
installed. The smaller Plastic Tubular Bio-digesters can give gas for
six hours using one burner. Methane production is initially dependent
on temperatures.
Currently, Pioneer Technologies Ltd receives support from
Land O’lakes and has entered into research collaboration with Jomo
Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT). Land O’Lakes
gives financial support to the company in the production of biogas
digesters. JKUAT is supposed to carry out investigations into issues
arising from the use of the technology, with focus on how the
technology can be improved, made more efficient etc. However, Pioneer
Technologies Ltd gave the JKUAT one digester only, and so the
university should acquire more digesters for any meaningful research to
be done.
Pioneer Technologies Ltd has installed its bio-digester in
various parts of the country including Nakuru, Meru, Kisumu, Kiambu,
the coastal regions and the environs of Nairobi. The company has
capacity to install up to 3,000 units a year, but there are several
challenges including:
- Most
households need some financial support to acquire the technology. At
cost, a Plastic Tubular Bio-digester goes for €322 only. However, this
excludes the cost of transport – and so areas further away from Nairobi
pay more money. In Meru, users paid up to €399. The cost of the
technology, though coming down is prohibitive to most farmers, although
when financial and economic analyses are made, especially taking into
account opportunity costs vis a vis other energy technologies, it is
very likely that bio-digesters will be economical and profitable.
- Training of
technicians to support the technology is costly. Not all technicians
trained will work on the digesters forever, some move on. There is need
for the technology to be supported by some form of extension. Regular
visits to households that have installed it are critical for longevity,
good use and success of the technology.
- Many people
are not aware of the existence of the technology, or if aware, do not
have adequate information on how the technology actually works. This is
a hindrance to large-scale adoption.
- At times,
the technology fails because of unmet expectations. Even the Plastic
Tubular Bio-digester has some technical problems – and these need to be
sorted out. Without a reliable back-up support, small problems can lead
potential users to shun away from it. But companies like Pioneer
Technology Ltd cannot afford to have an extension/back-up support team
because it already charges very low figures to install a unit.
- Users need to be trained, and this is quite costly. This is where organisations like Land O’Lakes come in.
- There are many research needs on the technology
Pioneer Technologies Ltd has trained 7 technicians to
support the technology and at least 300 or so units have been installed
country wide and despite small problems, all are now working.”
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Construction and Operation
Once the trench is excavated and the materials are readily available, the construction and installation of a PTD only takes several hours. To operate a PTD, the producer has to charge it day to day with 20kg of cattle dung, mixed with 60 litres of water. After 1-2 months the digester will start producing around 4-5 hours biogas daily (for cooking and other applications such as gas lamps). Furthermore, it produces about 80 litres of ecological fertilizer daily.
Scheme of the complete tube digester system:
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Lessons Learnt
Pioneer has noted the importance of user training from the very first visit. User training therefore constitutes one of the key factors of a sustainable tube digester system. Follow up activities are also crucial: after-sales service and visits can improve obtained results considerably. Another key factor is the adequate protection of the biogas systems to achieve a satisfactory life time. To protect the tube digester against animals a wire fence is a useful option. Additionally, a roof should be installed to increase the lifetime of the digester.
Available Pioneer Technologies
Until today Pioneer Technologies offers two system sizes in Kenya.
|
Standard size
|
Large size
|
| Lay flat measurements
|
1.4 m x 10 m
|
2.6 m x 10 m
|
| Volume (Pioneer Indication)
|
3 m³
|
6 m³
|
| Weight
|
24 kg
|
45 kg
|
| Volume Calculation
|
|
|
| D
|
0.89 m
|
1.66 m
|
| L/D ratio
|
11.22 (should be between 5-10)
|
6.04 (should be between 5-10)
|
| Total volume
|
6.24 m³
|
21.52 m³
|
| Liquid volume
|
4.67 m³
|
16.14 m³
|
| Gasholder volume
|
1.56 m³
|
5.38 m³
|
| Cost of installed digester
|
24,200 KES (233 Euro)
|
33,800 KES (325 Euro)
|
Rwanda
The National Domestic Biogas Program's (NDBP) focus in Rwanda lies on disseminating fixed dome digesters. However, rising investment costs (about 1000€ per 6 m3 plant in 2011) render the technology more and more problematic in a context of severe shortage of available costumers. Therefore, polyethylene tube digesters could become a feasible economic alternative in a future energy supply scenario for Rwanda. A pilote phase launched in June 2010 with two projects (Rubinizi and Busogo) is about to clarify the potential of tube digesters for the Rwandan farmers and whether these systems can substitute fixed dome digesters. It has been agreed that the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry (ISAE) is the most appropriate institution to test the PTDs. In line with the MoU signed between NDBP and the ISAE on bio-slurry the proposal has been approved and the contract negotiation is ongoing.
Studies on Kenya's experience with PTDs are used to further determine the feasibility of the technology for Rwanda. See PTD in Kenya
In Rwanda, production costs for PE in different sizes with a thickness of 250 microns are estimated to be the following:
| Lay flat width
|
1,5 m
|
1,75 m
|
| Cost for serial meter
|
200,7 KES
1499,4 RWF
1,93 €
|
233,75 KES
1748,0 RWF
2,25 €
|
(Report of the installation of plastic tube digesters in Rwanda: download)
Tanzania
It is concluded that the main reasons for failure was insufficient training of farmers and insufficient follow up by Surude.
(Evaluation of small scale biogas digesters in Turiani, Nronga and Amani, Tanzania by University of Aarhus, Denmark)
Vietnam
Over 30,000 Units have been installed over the past ten years in Vietnam and was widely accepted by the farmers
(Presentation by Vo Lam, Takeshi Watanabe, College of Agriculture, Cantho University. Vietnam)<span />
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