Revision as of 11:25, 26 March 2014

South Africa
Flag of South Africa			South Africa Location
Capital			Pretoria
Official Languages(s)			11 Official languages with Zulu being the most spoken language
Government			Democratic Republic
President			Jacob Zuma^[1]
Total Area '( km²)'			1211037^[2]
Population			52981991^[3]
Rural Population			(year)
GDP (Nominal)			US $ 471178 Billion (2011)^[4]
GDP Per Capita			US $ (year)
Currency			Rand
Time Zone			UTC/GMT +2 hours
Electricity Generation			TWh/year (year)
Access to Electricity			75 %
Wind energy (installed capacity)			MW (year)
Solar Energy (installed capacity)			MW (year)

Overview

The South African energy supply is dominated by coal.

Coal supplies 65.7% of the primary energy*
Followed by crude oil with 21.6%
Renewable and wastes with 7.6 %
Gas with 2.8%
Nuclear 0.4%
Hydro 0.1%^[5]

*Primary Energy: an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process to become electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel

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South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8

Economy General

1 Euro ~ 14 south African Rand (ZAR) (January 2014).
GDP ~ 3080 Billion ZAR ~ 280 Billion Euro.
Exports amounted to 24% of GDP in 2010.
Large and active stock exchange that ranks 17th in the world.^[6]
Active member of BRICS
BRICS is an international political organisation of leading emerging economies with a developing middle income status and it comprises of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Hydropower

Till date hydropower contributes only 0.1% of the South African Energy supply.^[7]

The Baseline Study on Hydropower in South Africa, an assessment conducted by the DME in 2002, indicated that specific areas in the country show significant potential for the development of all categories of hydropower in the short and medium term.

The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa.

The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) allows the free trading of electricity between Southern African Development Community (SADC) member countries, providing South Africa with access to the vast hydropower potential in the countries to the north, notably the significant potential in the Congo River (Inga Falls).^[8]

Solar Energy

Most areas in South Africa average more than 2 500 hours of sunshine per year, and average solar-radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2 in one day.

The southern African region, and in fact the whole of Africa, has sunshine all year round. The annual 24-hour global solar radiation average is about 220 W/m2 for South Africa, compared with about 150 W/m2 for parts of the USA, and about 100 W/m2 for Europe and the United Kingdom. This makes South Africa's local resource one of the highest in the world. ^[9]

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The South-west region has the most potential for solar in South Africa as can be seen from the above graph.

Market Entry Barrier

There are no particular barriers for entering the market but following Steps need to be followed for setting up a Solar Power Plant/Project:

Application-Department of Energy(DOE) invite Potential developers to submit their application/ proposals
Allotment -DOE with then assign a particular developer for the project after considering thier prices, proposals etc. It is a confidential process within DOE.
PPA-The successful bidders / developer then signs Power Purchase agreement (PPA) with Eskom(South africa biggest utility).
Land Acquisition
EPC- The sucessful bidder/project owner/ developer then hire an Engineering, Procurement and Constrcution (EPC) company for sucessful implementation of the project.
Commissioning- EPC handover the project to the owner after commisoning of the project and connecting it to the Grid .

Biomass

South Africa has tremendous biofuel potential when considering the capacity to grow total plant biomass (all lignocellulosic plant biomass. According to conservative estimates, South Africa produces about 18 million tonnes of agricultural and forestry residues every year. The South African biofuels target for 2008‐2013, according to Industrial Biofuels Strategy (2007), has been fixed at 2% penetration level in the national liquid fuel supply, which corresponds to 400 million litres per annum. When considering the use of 50‐70% of this plant biomass with second generation biochemical and thermochemical technologies, South Africa has the potential to substitute the bulk of its current liquid fossil fuel usage (currently 21.2 BL/annum) with renewable biofuels. However, the only real activity has been US$437 million investment by the South Africa’s Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) and Energy Development Corporation (EDC) in two biofuels projects that will collectively produce 190 million litres of bioethanol from sugarcane and sugarbeet.^[10]

Biogas

The Southern African Biogas Industry Association is a public, non-profit organisation established for the sole object of promoting the sustainable growth of the biogas industry in Southern Africa with a potential to generate 2500 MW of power. The association was launched during Q1 of 2013 and is in the process of establishing itself. Currently, SABIA has 12 corporate members. In October 2013 SABIA organised the first Biogas National Conference. http://biogasassociation.co.za/

Wind Energy

South Africa has an excellent wind resource which is dispersed geographically.

Cost of wind power already competitive with New coal and shall reach grid parity by 2016/2017 Wind Atlas for South Africa. [1]

Current estimates of South Africa's potential wind capacity varies greatly, from 3 GW to 70 GW.

There is political support for renewable energy in the country; the South African government has set a target of 10,000 GWh of renewable energy by 2013, produced mainly by biomass, wind, solar and small scale hydro.

However the targets set for wind energy are small. In the short term, the renewable energy plan only includes 500 MW of wind power until 2013, of which 400 MW would be commissioned from independent power producers.

^[11]

Geothermal Energy

There is, currently, no large-scale geothermal production in South Africa, since coal is abundant and relatively cheap, supplying the largest part of the country’s energy requirements. However, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, or REN21, ‘Renewables 2010 Global Status Report’ states that, as the geothermal market continues to broaden, a significant acceleration in installations is expected, with advanced technologies enabling the development of geothermal power projects in new countries.^[12]

Key Problems of the Energy Sector

Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations

2003--Renewable Energy White Paper (2003) targetted 10000 GWh(4%) of Renewable Energy by 2013
January 2010--Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 1) targettted 1025 MW Private sector Renewable Energy by 2013
October 2010--IRP 2010 targetting 7200MW(16%) Renewable Energy by 2030
March 2011--> South Africa approved its Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for the energy sector. The plan outlines the government's strategy for electricity generation by 2030. It sets a further ambitious target of 21,5 GW of new installed renewable energy generation capacity by 2030, comprising 9200 MW of wind capacity, 8400 MW of solar PV capacity, 1200 MW of solar CSP capacity.^[13]

General Energy Policy, Energy Strategy

Important Laws and Regulations

Specific Strategies

(Biomass, Renewable Energies, Rural Electrification, Energy Access Strategy, Poverty Reduction Strategy etc.)

Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector

Activities of Donors and Implementing Agencies

Further Information

Industry Associations

Southern Africa Solar Thermal and Electricity Association (SASTELA): http://www.sastela.org/main.html
South African Wind Energy Association (SAWEA): http://www.sawea.org.za/
Southern African Biogas Industry Association (SABIA): http://biogasassociation.co.za/
Sustainable Energy Society Southern Africa (SESSA): http://www.sessa.org.za/
South African Photovoltaic Industry Association (SAPVIA): http://www.sapvia.co.za/
National Business Initiative (NBI): www.nbi.org.za
Energy Intensive User Group (EIUG) http://www.eiug.org.za/

National Government

Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA): https://www.environment.gov.za/
Department Of Energy (DOE): http://www.energy.gov.za/home.html
- Integrated Resource Plan: http://www.doe-irp.co.za/ & http://www.energy.gov.za/files/irp_frame.html
CEF: http://www.cef.org.za/
Economic Development Department (EDD): http://www.economic.gov.za/
South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI): http://www.sanedi.org.za/
- Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) SANEDI http://www.wasaproject.info/
- RECORD: http://www.record.org.za
- ESCo/Cogen Facilitator: http://www.sanedi.org.za/esco-cogen-facilitator/
NERSA: http://www.nersa.org.za/
Eskom: http://www.eskom.co.za
National Treasury http://www.treasury.gov.za/
National Planning Commission (NPC): http://www.npconline.co.za/
South Africa Government Online: http://www.gov.za/
Department: Trade and Industry http://www.thedti.gov.za/
Department of Science and Technology (DST): www.dst.gov.za
Cooperative Governance Traditional Affairs: www.cogta.gov.za
Department of Public Works: www.publicworks.gov.za

Financing institutions

Industrial Development Corporation (IDC): http://idc.co.za/
Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA): http://www.dbsa.org/Pages/default.aspx
The African Development Bank (AfDB): http://www.afdb.org/en/
Global Environmental Facility (GEF): http://www.thegef.org/gef/
Clean Technology Fund - The World Bank: http://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/node/2
Agence Française de Développement (AFD) http://www.afd.fr/lang/en/home/pays/afrique/geo-afr/afrique-du-sud
Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC): http://www.swiss-cooperation.admin.ch/southernafrica/

Provincial Government

Eastern Cape: www.greenenergy-ec.co.za
Western Cape: http://www.westerncape.gov.za/110green/
& WESGRO: http://wesgro.co.za/investor/sectors/renewable-energy
KZN Sustainable Energy Forum http://www.kznenergy.org.za/
Gauteng Province Infrastructure Development: http://www.did.gpg.gov.za

Local Government

City Energy Support Unit: http://www.cityenergy.org.za/
Association of Municipal Electricity Utilities (AMEU): http://www.ameu.co.za/
South African Local Government Association (SALGA): http://www.salga.org.za/

NGOs

Earthlife Africa: http://www.earthlife.org.za/
Greenpeace: http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/
Southern African AlternativeEnergy Association: http://www.saaea.org/
Electricity Governance Initiative: http://www.egi-sa.org.za/
http://www.treasurethekaroo.co.za/news/press-statements
Koeberg Alert Alliance: http://koebergalert.org/
WWF South Africa - Climate Change: http://www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/climate_change/
Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA): http://www.sustainable.org.za/
Green Building Council of South Africa (GBCSA): http://www.gbcsa.org.za/
SOLTRAIN: http://www.soltrain.co.za

Online platform

Energy blog http://www.energy.org.za/

Research & University

Energy Research Centre: http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/
Centre for Renewable & Sustainable Energy Studies: http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/
CSIR www.csir.co.za
- National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC): www.ncpc.csir.co.za
Johannesburg University Sustainable energy Technology and Research (SeTAR) Centre http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/UJlaunchesSustainableenergyTechnologyandResearch(SeTAR)Centre201003231.aspx
UKZN http://research.ukzn.ac.za/ResearchFocusAreas/EnergyandTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.aspx
University of Witswatersrand WITS, Johannesburg: http://www.wits.ac.za

Training

South African Renewable Energy Technology Centre (SARETEC), Cape Peninsula University of Technology: http://www.cput.ac.za/academic/shortcourses/saretec
http://www.energytrainingfoundation.co.za/Home.aspx
Council of Measurement and Verification Professionals of South Africa (CMVPSA): http://www.cmvpsa.org.za/
Technical University of Tshwane (TUT)/ M&V Unit: http://www.tut.ac.za

Private & industry sector

The Green Business Guide: http://www.greenbusinessguide.co.za/
SANEA: http://www.sanea.org.za/
Independent Power Producers Association SAIPPA: http://www.saippa.org.za/main.html
DCD WindTowers: http://www.dcd.co.za/miningandenergy/DCDWindTowers.aspx

Solairedirect SA: http://www.solairedirect.com/international-presence/southern-africa

South African Association of Energy Services Companies (SAAEs): http://www.esco.org.za
Ellis Park Stadium Johannesburg: http://www.lionsrugby.co.za/content/4115/4074/ellis-park-stadium
The Southern African Association for Energy Efficiency: http://www.saee.org.za

Climate change

Climate Change Awareness Campaign COP17 (DEA): http://www.climateaction.org.za/
WWF South Africa - Climate Change: http://www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/climate_change/

Regional

SAPP: http://www.sapp.co.zw/
Infrastructure and Energy African Union: http://ie.au.int/

International

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP): http://www.reeep.org/
EU Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility - EUEI Partnership Dialogue Facility (PDF): http://www.euei-pdf.org/
REN21: http://www.ren21.net/ & Country Energy Profile South Africa - Clean Energy Information Portal – reegle: http://www.reegle.info/countries/south-africa-energy-profile/ZA
CIF: https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cifnet/?q=country/south-africa

Conferences

Windaba: http://www.windaba.co.za/
Solar Indaba: http://www.greenpowerconferences.com
SASEC: http://www.sasec.org.za/
SAEEC: http://www.convention.saee.org.za

References

↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa
↑ http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa
↑ Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR
↑ Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africafckLRUS Department of State – Background note South Africa, fckLRhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htmfckLR
↑ http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pd
↑ http://bit.ly/18o4fqP
↑ http://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html
↑ http://cleantechsolutions.wordpress.com/2011/12/27/biomass-energy-in-south-africa/
↑ http://www.windlab.com/node/360
↑ http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africas-geothermal-prospects-2010-10-15
↑ Department of Energy (DOE), South Africa

[0] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[1] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[2] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa

[3] ttp://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa

[4] Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR

[5] Sources: World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africafckLRUS Department of State – Background note South Africa, fckLRhttp://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htmfckLR

[6] ttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pd

[7] ttp://bit.ly/18o4fqP

[8] ttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/esources/renewables/r_solar.html

[9] ttp://cleantechsolutions.wordpress.com/2011/12/27/biomass-energy-in-south-africa/

[10] ttp://www.windlab.com/node/360

[11] ttp://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africas-geothermal-prospects-2010-10-15

[12] Department of Energy (DOE), South Africa

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+<div class="page" title="page 36"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><br/>
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+{| border="0" align="right" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" style="width: 400px;  font-size: 14px"
 |-
-! style="width: 602px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189);" colspan="4" scope="col" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.39px;">'''South Africa'''</span></font>
+! scope="col" colspan="4" style="width: 602px;  text-align: center;  background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" | <font color="#ffffff"><span style="line-height: 20.39px">'''South Africa'''</span></font>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.png|center|180px|Flag of South Africa|alt=Flag of _____.png]]
+| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="width: 250px;  text-align: center;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:Flag of South Africa.png|center|180px|Flag of South Africa|alt=Flag of _____.png]]
-| style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | [[File:South Africa Location.png|center|180px|South Africa Location|alt=Location _______.png]]
+| style="width: 250px;  text-align: center;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:South Africa Location.png|center|180px|South Africa Location|alt=Location _______.png]]
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Capital'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Capital'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Pretoria
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Pretoria
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Official Languages(s)'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Official Languages(s)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" |
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" |
 Official languages with Zulu being the most spoken language
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Government'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Government'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Democratic Republic
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Democratic Republic
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''President'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''President'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Jacob Zuma<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref>
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Jacob Zuma<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px;">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px;">)</span>'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | <span data-scaytid="4" data-scayt_word="km2">1211037<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref></span>
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <span data-scayt_word="km2" data-scaytid="4">1211037<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref></span>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Population'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Population'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | 52981991<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref>
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 52981991<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa</ref>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Rural Population'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Rural Population'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | (year)
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | (year)
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''GDP (Nominal)'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''GDP (Nominal)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | US $ 471178 Billion (2011)<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa</ref>
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | US $ 471178 Billion (2011)<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa</ref>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''GDP Per Capita'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''GDP Per Capita'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | US $ (year)
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | US $ (year)
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Currency'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Currency'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | Rand
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Rand
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Time Zone'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Time Zone'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | <font color="#454545" face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" size="2"><span style="line-height: 19px;">UTC/GMT +2 hours</span></font>
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <font size="2" face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" color="#454545"><span style="line-height: 19px">UTC/GMT +2 hours</span></font>
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Electricity Generation'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Electricity Generation'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | <span data-scaytid="5" data-scayt_word="twh">TWh</span>/year (year)
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <span data-scayt_word="twh" data-scaytid="5">TWh</span>/year (year)
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Access to Electricity'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Access to Electricity'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | 75 %
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 75 %
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | MW (year)
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)
 |-
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)'''
+| colspan="3" style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)'''
-| style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241);" | MW (year)
+| style="width: 250px;  background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)
 |}
-{| align="left" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="width: 350px;" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
+{| border="0" align="left" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 350px" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
 |-
 | __TOC__
 |}
-<div style="clear: both;"></div>
+<div style="clear: both"></div>
 = Overview<br/> =
 <div>The South African energy supply is dominated by coal.</div>
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 *Nuclear 0.4%
 *Hydro 0.1%<ref>Sources: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010fckLRhttp://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdffckLR</ref><br/>
-<div><br/></div><div><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">*Primary </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">Energy: </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">an </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy form found in nature that has not been subjected </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">any conversion or transformation process </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">to become electrical </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">energy</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96); line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0in; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">fuel</span></div><div><br/></div><div>[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|left|294px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8]]<br/></div><div><br/></div>
+<div><br/></div><div><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">*Primary </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">Energy: </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">an </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">energy form found in nature that has not been subjected </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">to </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">any conversion or transformation process </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">to become electrical </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">energy</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);  line-height: 1.5em;  text-indent: 0in;  letter-spacing: 0pt;  font-family: arial;  font-size: 10pt;  font-style: italic;  vertical-align: baseline">fuel</span></div><div><br/></div><div>[[File:South Africa- Energy Sector Use.png|thumb|left|294px|South Africa Energy Use Source: Department of Energy, South African Energy Synopsis, 2010 http://bit.ly/18nMJD8]]<br/></div><div><br/></div>
 <br/>
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 Till date hydropower contributes only 0.1% of the South African Energy supply.<ref>http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pd</ref>
-<span lang="en-us" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">The Baseline Study on Hydropower in South Africa, an assessment conducted by the DME in 2002, indicated that specific areas in the country show significant potential for the development of all categories of hydropower in the short and medium term.</span>
+<span lang="en-us" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif">The Baseline Study on Hydropower in South Africa, an assessment conducted by the DME in 2002, indicated that specific areas in the country show significant potential for the development of all categories of hydropower in the short and medium term.</span>
 <br/>
-<span lang="en-us" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa.</span>
+<span lang="en-us" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif">The Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are endowed with the best potential for the development of small, i.e. less than 10MW hydropower plants. The advantages and attractiveness of these plants are that they can either be standalone or in a hybrid combination with other renewable energy sources. Advantage can be derived from the association with other uses of water (water supply, irrigation, flood control, etc.), which are critical to the future economic and socio-economic development of South Africa.</span>
 <br/>
@@ Line 131: / Line 131: @@
 <br/>
-== <span data-scaytid="48" data-scayt_word="biogas">Biogas</span> ==
+== <span data-scayt_word="biogas" data-scaytid="48">Biogas</span> ==
 The Southern African Biogas Industry Association is a public, non-profit organisation established for the sole object of promoting the sustainable growth of the biogas industry in Southern Africa with a potential to generate 2500 MW of power. The association was launched during Q1 of 2013 and is in the process of establishing itself. Currently, SABIA has 12 corporate members. In October 2013 SABIA organised the first Biogas National Conference. <font color="#0d6cb5">[http://biogasassociation.co.za/ http://biogasassociation.co.za/]</font><br/>
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 <br/>
+<br/>
+<br/>
 == Wind Energy ==
@@ Line 154: / Line 155: @@
 <ref>http://www.windlab.com/node/360</ref>
+<br/>
-== <span style="line-height: 23.63px; font-size: 19.09px;">Geothermal Energy</span> ==
+== <span style="line-height: 23.63px;  font-size: 19.09px">Geothermal Energy</span> ==
 There is, currently, no large-scale geothermal production in South Africa, since coal is abundant and relatively cheap, supplying the largest part of the country’s energy requirements. However, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, or REN21, ‘Renewables 2010 Global Status Report’ states that, as the geothermal market continues to broaden, a significant acceleration in installations is expected, with advanced technologies enabling the development of geothermal power projects in new countries.<ref>http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/south-africas-geothermal-prospects-2010-10-15</ref>
-== <span style="line-height: 30px; font-size: 21.81px;">Key Problems of the Energy Sector</span> ==
+== <span style="line-height: 30px;  font-size: 21.81px">Key Problems of the Energy Sector</span> ==
 <br/>
@@ Line 191: / Line 193: @@
 = Further Information =
+*[[Bethlehem_hydro_Merino_plant|Bethlehem hydro Merino plant]]
+*[[Bethlehem_hydro_Sol_Plaatje_plant|Bethlehem hydro Sol Plaatje plant]]
 == '''Industry Associations''' ==
@@ Line 198: / Line 203: @@
 *Southern African Biogas Industry Association (SABIA): [http://biogasassociation.co.za/ http://biogasassociation.co.za/]
 *Sustainable Energy Society Southern Africa (SESSA): [http://www.sessa.org.za/ http://www.sessa.org.za/]
-*<cite></cite>South African Photovoltaic Industry Association (SAPVIA): [http://www.sapvia.co.za/ http://www.sapvia.co.za/]<br/><u>National Business Initiative (NBI): </u>[http://www.nbi.org.za/ www.nbi.org.za]<cite></cite>
+*South African Photovoltaic Industry Association (SAPVIA): [http://www.sapvia.co.za/ http://www.sapvia.co.za/]<br/><u>National Business Initiative (NBI): </u>[http://www.nbi.org.za/ www.nbi.org.za]
-*<cite></cite><cite>Energy Intensive User Group (EIUG) </cite>[http://www.eiug.org.za/ http://www.eiug.org.za/] <cite></cite>
+*<cite>Energy Intensive User Group (EIUG) </cite>[http://www.eiug.org.za/ http://www.eiug.org.za/]
 == '''National Government''' ==
@@ Line 217: / Line 222: @@
 <li>South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI): [http://www.sanedi.org.za/ http://www.sanedi.org.za/]<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
 <li>Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) SANEDI [http://www.wasaproject.info/ http://www.wasaproject.info/]</li>
-<li>RECORD: [http://www.record.org.za/ http://www.record.org.za] </li>
+<li>RECORD: [http://www.record.org.za/ http://www.record.org.za]</li>
 <li>ESCo/Cogen Facilitator: [http://www.sanedi.org.za/esco-cogen-facilitator/ http://www.sanedi.org.za/esco-cogen-facilitator/]</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li>NERSA: [http://www.nersa.org.za/ http://www.nersa.org.za/]</li>
-<li>Eskom: [http://www.eskom.co.za/ http://www.eskom.co.za] </li>
+<li>Eskom: [http://www.eskom.co.za/ http://www.eskom.co.za]</li>
 <li>National Treasury [http://www.treasury.gov.za/ http://www.treasury.gov.za/]</li>
 <li>National Planning Commission (NPC): [http://www.npconline.co.za/ http://www.npconline.co.za/]</li>
@@ Line 228: / Line 233: @@
 <li>Department: Trade and Industry [http://www.thedti.gov.za/ http://www.thedti.gov.za/]</li>
 <li>Department of Science and Technology (DST): [http://www.dst.gov.za/ www.dst.gov.za]</li>
-<li><cite></cite><cite>Cooperative Governance Traditional Affairs: </cite>[http://www.cogta.gov.za/ www.cogta.gov.za] <cite></cite></li>
+<li><cite>Cooperative Governance Traditional Affairs: </cite>[http://www.cogta.gov.za/ www.cogta.gov.za]</li>
 <li><cite>Department of Public Works:</cite> [http://www.publicworks.gov.za/ www.publicworks.gov.za]</li>
 </ul>
@@ Line 241: / Line 246: @@
 *Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC): [http://www.swiss-cooperation.admin.ch/southernafrica/ http://www.swiss-cooperation.admin.ch/southernafrica/]
+<br/>
 == '''Provincial Government''' ==
@@ Line 247: / Line 252: @@
 *Eastern Cape: [http://www.greenenergy-ec.co.za/ www.greenenergy-ec.co.za]
 *Western Cape: [http://www.westerncape.gov.za/110green/ http://www.westerncape.gov.za/110green/]
 *& WESGRO: [http://wesgro.co.za/investor/sectors/renewable-energy http://wesgro.co.za/investor/sectors/renewable-energy]
 *KZN Sustainable Energy Forum [http://www.kznenergy.org.za/ http://www.kznenergy.org.za/]
 *Gauteng Province Infrastructure Development: [http://www.did.gpg.gov.za/ http://www.did.gpg.gov.za]
@@ Line 278: / Line 283: @@
 <li>Energy Research Centre: [http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/ http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/]</li>
 <li>Centre for Renewable & Sustainable Energy Studies: [http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/ http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/]</li>
-<li><u></u>CSIR [http://www.csir.co.za/ www.csir.co.za]<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
+<li>CSIR [http://www.csir.co.za/ www.csir.co.za]<ul style="list-style-type: circle;">
-<li><cite></cite><cite>National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC): </cite>[http://www.ncpc.csir.co.za/ www.ncpc.csir.co.za] <cite></cite></li>
+<li><cite>National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC): </cite>[http://www.ncpc.csir.co.za/ www.ncpc.csir.co.za]</li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li>Johannesburg University Sustainable energy Technology and Research (SeTAR) Centre [http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/UJlaunchesSustainableenergyTechnologyandResearch(SeTAR)Centre201003231.aspx http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/UJlaunchesSustainableenergyTechnologyandResearch(SeTAR)Centre201003231.aspx]</li>
-<li>UKZN [http://research.ukzn.ac.za/ResearchFocusAreas/EnergyandTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.aspx http://research.ukzn.ac.za/ResearchFocusAreas/EnergyandTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.aspx] </li>
+<li>UKZN [http://research.ukzn.ac.za/ResearchFocusAreas/EnergyandTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.aspx http://research.ukzn.ac.za/ResearchFocusAreas/EnergyandTechnologyforSustainableDevelopment.aspx]</li>
 <li>University of Witswatersrand WITS, Johannesburg: [http://www.wits.ac.za/ http://www.wits.ac.za]</li>
 </ul>
@@ Line 302: / Line 307: @@
 Solairedirect SA: [http://www.solairedirect.com/international-presence/southern-africa http://www.solairedirect.com/international-presence/southern-africa]
 *South African Association of Energy Services Companies (SAAEs): [http://www.esco.org.za/ http://www.esco.org.za]
 *Ellis Park Stadium Johannesburg: [http://www.lionsrugby.co.za/content/4115/4074/ellis-park-stadium http://www.lionsrugby.co.za/content/4115/4074/ellis-park-stadium]
 *The Southern African Association for Energy Efficiency: [http://www.saee.org.za/ http://www.saee.org.za]
+<br/>
 == '''Climate change''' ==
@@ Line 314: / Line 319: @@
 == '''Regional''' ==
 *SAPP: [http://www.sapp.co.zw/ http://www.sapp.co.zw/]
 *Infrastructure and Energy African Union: [http://ie.au.int/ http://ie.au.int/]
@@ Line 327: / Line 332: @@
 *Windaba: [http://www.windaba.co.za/ http://www.windaba.co.za/]
 *Solar Indaba: [http://www.greenpowerconferences.com/ http://www.greenpowerconferences.com]
 *SASEC: [http://www.sasec.org.za/ http://www.sasec.org.za/]
 *SAEEC: [http://www.convention.saee.org.za/ http://www.convention.saee.org.za]
@@ Line 341: / Line 346: @@
 <br/>
-[[Category:South_Africa]]
 [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]]
+[[Category:South_Africa]]

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