|
|
| Line 93: |
Line 93: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | = Socio-economic and Demographic Information <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> =
| + | Socio-economic and Demographic Information <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> |
| | <div> | | <div> |
| − | {| style="width: 100%;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width: 803px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>'''Indicators/Variables'''</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>'''Indicators/Variables'''</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>'''2011'''</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>'''2011'''</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>'''2004'''</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>'''2004'''</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>'''1991'''</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>'''1991'''</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>1. Household size (Dwelling)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>1. Household size (Dwelling)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>4.35</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>4.35</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>4.66</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>4.66</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>5.5</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>5.5</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>2. Sanitary toilet facilities (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>2. Sanitary toilet facilities (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>61.6</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>61.6</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>N/A</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>N/A</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>N/A</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>N/A</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>3.Sex ratio</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>3.Sex ratio</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>99.68</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>99.68</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>104.1</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>104.1</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>106.26</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>106.26</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>4. Literacy (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>4. Literacy (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>47.68</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>47.68</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>38.06</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>38.06</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>24.90</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>24.90</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>5a. Economic activity rate (Male) (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>5a. Economic activity rate (Male) (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>66</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>66</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>68.1</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>68.1</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>77.1</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>77.1</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>5b. Economic activity rate (Female) (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>5b. Economic activity rate (Female) (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>9.8</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>9.8</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>5.4</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>5.4</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>6.7</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>6.7</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>6. Gross growth rate</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>6. Gross growth rate</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>1.08</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>1.08</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>1.26</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>1.26</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>1.66</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>1.66</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>7. Internal migration (rural to urban) (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>7. Internal migration (rural to urban) (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>4.29</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>4.29</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>4.79</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>4.79</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>5.62</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>5.62</div> |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 363px;" | <div>8. International migration rate (%)</div> | + | | style="width: 512px;" | <div>8. International migration rate (%)</div> |
| − | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>3.46</div> | + | | style="width: 86px;" | <div>3.46</div> |
| − | | style="width: 79px;" | <div>N/A</div> | + | | style="width: 76px;" | <div>N/A</div> |
| − | | style="width: 66px;" | <div>N/A</div> | + | | style="width: 47px;" | <div>N/A</div> |
| | |} | | |} |
| | <br/></div> | | <br/></div> |
| Line 160: |
Line 160: |
| | Source of Lights (in %) | | Source of Lights (in %) |
| | | | |
| − | {| style="width: 100%; font-size: 13.33px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width: 795px; font-size: 13.33px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | '''Source''' | | | style="width: 160px;" | '''Source''' |
| | | style="width: 130px;" | '''2011''' | | | style="width: 130px;" | '''2011''' |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | '''2004''' | | | style="width: 69px;" | '''2004''' |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | '''1991''' | + | | style="width: 122px;" | '''1991''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | Grid Electricity | | | style="width: 160px;" | Grid Electricity |
| | | style="width: 130px;" | 53<ref name="Bangladesh Power Division">Bangladesh Power Division</ref>; 56.6 <ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref><br/> | | | style="width: 130px;" | 53<ref name="Bangladesh Power Division">Bangladesh Power Division</ref>; 56.6 <ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref><br/> |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | 39.77 | | | style="width: 69px;" | 39.77 |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | 14.37 | + | | style="width: 122px;" | 14.37 |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | Solar Energy | | | style="width: 160px;" | Solar Energy |
| Line 177: |
Line 177: |
| | | | |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | - | | | style="width: 69px;" | - |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | - | + | | style="width: 122px;" | - |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | Kerosene<br/> | | | style="width: 160px;" | Kerosene<br/> |
| | | style="width: 130px;" | 39.5<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> | | | style="width: 130px;" | 39.5<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | 59.93 | | | style="width: 69px;" | 59.93 |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | 84.73 | + | | style="width: 122px;" | 84.73 |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | Biogas | | | style="width: 160px;" | Biogas |
| | | style="width: 130px;" | 0.1<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> | | | style="width: 130px;" | 0.1<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | - | | | style="width: 69px;" | - |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | - | + | | style="width: 122px;" | - |
| | |- | | |- |
| | | style="width: 160px;" | Others | | | style="width: 160px;" | Others |
| | | style="width: 130px;" | 0.5<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> | | | style="width: 130px;" | 0.5<ref name="Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011">Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011</ref> |
| | | style="width: 69px;" | 0.31 | | | style="width: 69px;" | 0.31 |
| − | | style="width: 344px;" | 0.89 | + | | style="width: 122px;" | 0.89 |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
| Line 207: |
Line 207: |
| | Source of Cooking Fuels (in %) <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> | | Source of Cooking Fuels (in %) <ref name="POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2011">http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/BBS/Socio_Economic.pdf</ref> |
| | | | |
| − | {| style="width: 100%; font-size: 13.33px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" | + | {| style="width: 802px; font-size: 13.33px;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | '''Fuel Type''' | + | | style="width: 247px;" | '''Fuel Type''' |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | '''2011''' | + | | style="width: 142px;" | '''2011''' |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | '''2004''' | + | | style="width: 138px;" | '''2004''' |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | '''1991''' | + | | style="width: 212px;" | '''1991''' |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Wood | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Wood |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 34.8 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 34.8 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | 31.76 | + | | style="width: 138px;" | 31.76 |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | 44.27 | + | | style="width: 212px;" | 44.27 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Kerosene | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Kerosene |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 1.0 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 1.0 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | 1.79 | + | | style="width: 138px;" | 1.79 |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | 0.57 | + | | style="width: 212px;" | 0.57 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Gas/LPG | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Gas/LPG |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 12.6 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 12.6 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | 9.09 | + | | style="width: 138px;" | 9.09 |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | 2.36 | + | | style="width: 212px;" | 2.36 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Electricity | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Electricity |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 0.4 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 0.4 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | 0.76 | + | | style="width: 138px;" | 0.76 |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | 0.88 | + | | style="width: 212px;" | 0.88 |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Straw/Leaf/Dried cow dung | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Straw/Leaf/Dried cow dung |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 51.2 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 51.2 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | 55.91 | + | | style="width: 138px;" | 55.91 |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | - | + | | style="width: 212px;" | - |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="width: 263px;" | Bio-gas | + | | style="width: 247px;" | Bio-gas |
| − | | style="width: 62px;" | 0.1 | + | | style="width: 142px;" | 0.1 |
| − | | style="width: 59px;" | - | + | | style="width: 138px;" | - |
| − | | style="width: 54px;" | -<br/> | + | | style="width: 212px;" | -<br/> |
| | |} | | |} |
| | | | |
| Line 249: |
Line 249: |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == Energy Demand in the Household Sector == | + | == Household Sector == |
| − | | + | |
| − | === <br/> ===
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | === Energy <br/> ===
| + | |
| | | | |
| | Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007<ref name="WHO IAP">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO</ref>).[[File:Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG|thumb|right|326px|Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption]]<br/>Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil. | | Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007<ref name="WHO IAP">http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/indoor_air_national_burden_estimate_revised.pdf WHO</ref>).[[File:Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption by Source2.JPG|thumb|right|326px|Bangladesh Rural Household Consumption]]<br/>Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil. |
| Line 404: |
Line 400: |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | === Electricity SSsituation === | + | == Solar Energy == |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File:Bangladesh SHS Distribution map.jpg|frame|left|253px|Bangladesh SHS distribution map]] |
| | + | |
| | + | <u>''Solar photovoltaic'':</u> '''Solar photovoltaic (PV)''' systems are in use throughout the country with over 1.88 million household-level installations having capacity of about 80 MW (December 2012). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through '''Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)''', '''Rural Electrification Board (REB)''', '''Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)''', '''Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)''', NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of '''solar home systems (SHSs)''' is being promoted mainly by IDCOL,private sector companies and NGOs based on the direct-sale approach and provision of refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[File:Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg|thumb|left|273px|Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation|alt=Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg]] |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | == Wind Energy == |
| | + | |
| | + | Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | == Biomass == |
| | + | |
| | + | Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | == Biogas == |
| | + | |
| | + | Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | == Hydro Power == |
| | + | |
| | + | Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | == Other Renewable Sources<br/> == |
| | + | |
| | + | Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored. |
| | + | |
| | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | + | |
| | + | = Electricity Situation = |
| | | | |
| | [[File:Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG]]The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion may not be realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification. | | [[File:Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Bangladesh electricity consumption generation Capacity.JPG]]The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion may not be realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification. |
| Line 412: |
Line 450: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | + | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | == Electricity Generation == | + | == <span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 23.80000114440918px;">Electricity Generation</span> == |
| | | | |
| | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Bangladesh grid map]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. | | [[File:Bangladesh grid map.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Bangladesh grid map]]Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.<br/>In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power. |
| Line 547: |
Line 585: |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == <span style="line-height: 22.66px; font-size: 18.66px;">Access Rate</span> == | + | == <span style="line-height: 22.66px; font-size: 18.66px;">Electricity Access</span> == |
| | | | |
| | Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest energy producers. Electricity, critical to economic growth, has reached only about half of households (46.5 % <ref>Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref>), despite the country’s successful rural electrification program. With the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass for cooking will continue for several decades; Today only around 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid and in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 20% have electricity<ref>Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2001</ref>. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> | | Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest energy producers. Electricity, critical to economic growth, has reached only about half of households (46.5 % <ref>Worldbank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS</ref>), despite the country’s successful rural electrification program. With the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass for cooking will continue for several decades; Today only around 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid and in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 20% have electricity<ref>Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2001</ref>. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.<br/> |
| Line 674: |
Line 712: |
| | | | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | = Market Situation for Different Energy Technologies and Services<br/> =
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Solar Energy ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[File:Bangladesh SHS Distribution map.jpg|frame|left|253px|Bangladesh SHS distribution map]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <u>''Solar photovoltaic'':</u> '''Solar photovoltaic (PV)''' systems are in use throughout the country with over 1.88 million household-level installations having capacity of about 80 MW (December 2012). Scaling-up of solar PV systems assisted by the development partners are being implemented through '''Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)''', '''Rural Electrification Board (REB)''', '''Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)''', '''Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)''', NGOs and Private Organizations implementing solar energy program. There is a strong potential for solar energy within the country. Dissemination of '''solar home systems (SHSs)''' is being promoted mainly by IDCOL,private sector companies and NGOs based on the direct-sale approach and provision of refinancing funds for micro-financing of SHSs to participating organizations (mostly NGOs) through IDCOL.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[File:Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg|thumb|left|273px|Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation|alt=Bangladesh SHS Capacitywise installation.jpg]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | <br/>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Wind Energy ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Biomass ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Biogas ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Hydro Power ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Other Renewable Sources<br/> ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.
| |
| | | | |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| Line 760: |
Line 754: |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.)<br/> == | + | == Specific Strategies (Biomass, renewable energies, rural electrification, energy access strategy etc.) == |
| − | | + | |
| − | == Important Laws and Regulations<br/> ==
| + | |
| | | | |
| | The '''Private Sector Power Generation Policy''' ([http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf Download PDF; 135kB])<ref>http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf</ref> shall attract private investment for installing new power generation capacity on build-own-operate (BOO) basis. | | The '''Private Sector Power Generation Policy''' ([http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf Download PDF; 135kB])<ref>http://www.powercell.gov.bd/images/additional_images/PSEPGPB.pdf</ref> shall attract private investment for installing new power generation capacity on build-own-operate (BOO) basis. |
| Line 786: |
Line 778: |
| | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] | | [[Bangladesh Energy Situation#Overview|Go To Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == Short explanation to what degree EnDev activities are consistent with the national poverty reduction and energy policy ==
| + | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector = |
| − | | + | |
| − | = Institutional Set-up in the Energy Sector, Activities of Other Donors<br/> = | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ''Please confine your explanation to areas relevant for the intended project activities''
| + | |
| | | | |
| | == Governmental institutions<br/> == | | == Governmental institutions<br/> == |
Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest and most densely populated nations. Data from the last Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2005 revealed that 40% of the country’s population was classified as poor (rural 43.8%, urban 28.4%), with incomes below the upper national poverty line. One fourth of the population is considered extremely poor (urban: 15%; rural: 29%), having incomes below the lower poverty line. Access to modern energy services is one of the reasons for poverty and low economic development. [8]
The electricity supply is not reliable; supply does not meet demand. However, as far as possible, load shedding is scheduled[10].
In 2013, from 10,213 MW installed electrical generation capacity (public, private and import), a maximum output delivered was 6,675 MW.[11]
Only about 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, such as wood, cow dung and agricultural residues are collected mainly from the local environment and have become a traded commodity as cooking fuel as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. Inefficient, kerosene based lamps are the most common sources of light. The kerosene price has increased from 42 tk (end 2010) to 61 tk (end 2012)[12]. Further price hikes are expected to come in place during 2012. The supply of new gas connections to industries have been suspended in 2009 and resumed in April 2012 [13]. At the same time new gas connections to household, which were restricted and therefore expensive, have now been suspended "for the time being" [14].
According to the 2010 household income and expenditure survey only 55% were electrified (See access rate). According to the above data however it is 59.9%.
It is also not clear how these figures come together as 100% separation is unlikely. Eg. an electrified household will still use Kerosene during powercuts for lighting or have a solar backup....
Most Bangladeshi households in rural areas (99%) as well as urban areas (66%) use biomass such as wood, cow dung, jute sticks or other agricultural wastes for cooking. Inefficient and poorly ventilated clay stoves produce fine particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, dioxins and other carcinogens (ROUSE 2004). Housewives are exposed to high levels of these toxins between three and seven hours a day. Research revealed that this indoor air pollution (IAP) occurs not only in the kitchen but only slightly lower in the living area therewith affecting also other family members such as children. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated (based on 2002 data) that more than 46,000 women and children die each year as a direct result of exposure to indoor air pollution, while many more suffer from respiratory diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, cardiovascular disease, eye diseases, and lung cancer. Further WHO attributes 1.3 million disability adjusted life years (DALY) to the use of solid fuels . Right behind unsafe water and inadequate sanitation, indoor air pollution is the second biggest environmental contributor to illness worldwide (WHO 2007
).
Although the estimated per capita consumption of timber and fuel wood is one of the lowest in the world, biomass is becoming increasingly scarce and costly. The natural growth of forests as well as afforestation measures are too low to meet the consumption of the population due to inefficient burning of biomass for cooking purposes and high population growths, putting pressure on the economic situation of biomass-purchasing households. Poor rural households have to spend a significant amount of time on biomass collection. Wastage of biomass is depriving the soil of nutrients, resulting in unsustainable low levels of organic matter in the soil.
The figure shows the distribution of the energy consumption of rural households. Nearly one half of the total consumption is for firewood.
Wind Energy has also made some inroads but its potential is mainly in coastal areas, and offshore islands with strong wind regimes. These coastal settings afford good opportunities for wind-powered pumping and electricity generation. Presently there are 2 MW of installed wind turbines at Feni and Kutubdia.
Bangladesh has strong potential for biomass gasification based electricity. More common biomass resources available in the country are rice husk, crop residue, wood, jute stick, animal waste, municipal waste, sugarcane bagasse etc. This technology can be disseminated on a larger scale for electricity generation.
Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls.
Microhydro and minihydro have limited potential in Bangladesh, with the exception of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill tracts. Hydropower assessments have identified some possible sites from 10 kW to 5 MW but no appreciable capacity has yet been installed. There is one hydro power plant at Kaptai established in the 1960s with present installed capacity of 230 MW.
Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Potentialities of these sources are yet to be explored.
The government’s vision of electrifying the entire country by 2020 through grid expansion may not be realistic due to inaccessibility and low consumer density in many rural areas, as well as financial constraints. To reach the government’s vision of universal electrification, renewable energy sources, in particular solar energy will have to play a vital role for off-grid electrification.
Within the reach of the national grid Bangladesh is still reeling under 600 - 1200 MW of ‘load-shedding’. A situation which deteriorates during irrigation seasons, when the demand-supply gap reaches up to 1500 MW. Domestic and industrial sectors consume about 43% and 44% electrical energy respectively, i.e. a total of about 87% of power consumption occurs in these two sectors. Out of this, a large part of electrical energy is consumed for lighting. All power sector experts acknowledge that the maximum power gap occurs primarily during the evening. A way to manage the evening load is the introduction of energy efficient lights/lighting systems.[20]
Different types of power plants generate electricity and synchronize it with the national grid. There are some isolated diesel power stations at remote places and islands which are not connected with the National Grid. Terminal voltage of different generators are 11 kV, 11.5 kV and 15.75 kV.
In the Eastern Zone (eastern side of river Jamuna), electricity is generated from indigenous gas and a small percentage through hydro power.
In the Western Zone, Coal and imported liquid fuel is used for generation of electricity. The fuel cost per unit generation in the Western Zone is much higher than that of the Eastern Zone. Therefore, as a policy, low cost electricity generated in the Eastern Zone is transferred to the Western Zone through the 230 kV East-West Inter connector transmission line.
Bangladesh has signed a protocol deal with Russia on October 21, 2011 after series talks on cooperation in the field of peaceful usage of nuclear energy as the country plans to install a nuclear power plant in Pabna district, some 216 km northwest of capital Dhaka.
Bangladesh is one of the world’s lowest energy producers. Electricity, critical to economic growth, has reached only about half of households (46.5 % [26]), despite the country’s successful rural electrification program. With the exception of kerosene, commercial fuels are beyond reach for many. Bangladesh’s reliance on biomass for cooking will continue for several decades; Today only around 49% of the Bangladesh population is connected to the electricity grid and in the rural areas, where more than 70% of the population lives, only 20% have electricity[27]. A mere 6% of the entire population has access to natural gas, primarily in urban areas. Biomass fuels, collected mainly from the local environment only two decades ago, are fast becoming a marketed commodity as access to local biomass becomes ever more difficult. The stark reality is that many rural residents are dependent on such fuels as agricultural residues, dung, and even leaves and grass for cooking.
The Bangladeshi Energy Strategy of 1996 with its actualisation in 2002 is the main document of the promotion of RE It focusses on energy supply in rural areas. In December 2009 the "Renewable Energy Policy for Bangladesh was ratified. It was intended to integrate this policy paper into the New Energy Policy (NEP). The NEP was developed in 2006 by the "Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Programme" in cooperation with the UNDP.
Furthermore a lot of procedures will be simplified and investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency projects will be facilitated.
