|
|
| Line 68: |
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| | === Results of the Country Ranking Considering the Proposed Criterion === | | === Results of the Country Ranking Considering the Proposed Criterion === |
| | | | |
| − | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" align="center" style="font-size: 14px; width: 618px;" | + | {| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size: 14px; width: 100%" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Rank''' | | '''Rank''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Country''' | | '''Country''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Electrification rate [%]''' | | '''Electrification rate [%]''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Rural population without access to electricity''' | | '''Rural population without access to electricity''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Worldwide governance indicators: political stability [%]''' | | '''Worldwide governance indicators: political stability [%]''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''Pump price for diesel fuel [USD/liter]''' | | '''Pump price for diesel fuel [USD/liter]''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 204)" | |
| | '''GDP per capita [USD]''' | | '''GDP per capita [USD]''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 1 | | 1 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Rwanda | | Rwanda |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 5 | | 5 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 8.5 mio | | 8.5 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 41.5 | | 41.5 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.62 | | 1.62 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 530 | | 530 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 2 | | 2 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Zambia | | Zambia |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 19 | | 19 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 8.0 mio | | 8.0 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 63.7 | | 63.7 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.52 | | 1.52 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 1,250 | | 1,250 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 3 | | 3 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | South Africa | | South Africa |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 75 | | 75 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 8.6 mio | | 8.6 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 44.3 | | 44.3 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.14 | | 1.14 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 7,280 | | 7,280 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 4 | | 4 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Botswana | | Botswana |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 45 | | 45 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 0.7 mio | | 0.7 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 78.3 | | 78.3 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 0.97 | | 0.97 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 7,400 | | 7,400 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 5 | | 5 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Namibia | | Namibia |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 34 | | 34 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 1.2 mio | | 1.2 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 71.7 | | 71.7 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.09 | | 1.09 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 5,330 | | 5,330 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 6 | | 6 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Ghana | | Ghana |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 61 | | 61 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 9.1 mio | | 9.1 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 47.6 | | 47.6 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 0.83 | | 0.83 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 1,320 | | 1,320 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 7 | | 7 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Kenya | | Kenya |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 16 | | 16 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 29.9 mio | | 29.9 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 13.7 | | 13.7 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.27 | | 1.27 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 790 | | 790 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 8 | | 8 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | Uganda | | Uganda |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 9 | | 9 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 27.8 mio | | 27.8 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 15.6 | | 15.6 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.11 | | 1.11 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 510 | | 510 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 42px" | |
| | 9 | | 9 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 96px" | |
| | United Republic of Tanzania | | United Republic of Tanzania |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 85px" | |
| | 14 | | 14 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 102px" | |
| | 32.3 mio | | 32.3 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 132px" | |
| | 45.8 | | 45.8 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.19 | | 1.19 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 8px; width: 66px" | |
| | 520 | | 520 |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 42px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 42px" | |
| | 10 | | 10 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 96px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 96px" | |
| | Peru | | Peru |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 85px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 85px" | |
| | 86 | | 86 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 102px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 102px" | |
| | 5.9 mio | | 5.9 mio |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 132px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 132px" | |
| | 20.3 | | 20.3 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 94px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 94px" | |
| | 1.10 | | 1.10 |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 13px; width: 66px;" | | + | | style="height: 13px; width: 66px" | |
| | 5,400 | | 5,400 |
| | | | |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <div style="clear: both;"></div> | + | <div style="clear: both"></div> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| Line 333: |
Line 333: |
| | Based on practical studies and own experience, the Dr. Tedoro Sánchez of Practical Action identified the critical and important factors for the performance of small stand alone systems in rural areas: | | Based on practical studies and own experience, the Dr. Tedoro Sánchez of Practical Action identified the critical and important factors for the performance of small stand alone systems in rural areas: |
| | | | |
| − | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" align="center" style="font-size: 14px;" | + | {| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size: 14px; width: 100%" |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''Critical Factors''' | | '''Critical Factors''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''Important factors''' | | '''Important factors''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''a) Local context''' | | '''a) Local context''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''a) Local context''' | | '''a) Local context''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | Management | | Management |
| | | | |
| | Local capacity | | Local capacity |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | • Effective bill collection | | • Effective bill collection |
| | | | |
| Line 376: |
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| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''b) National Context''' | | '''b) National Context''' |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''b) National context''' | | '''b) National context''' |
| | | | |
| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | Technical Assistance | | Technical Assistance |
| | | | |
| − | | style="height: 1px;" | | + | | style="height: 1px" | |
| | '''• '''Degree of development of the village | | '''• '''Degree of development of the village |
| | | | |
| Line 400: |
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| | | | |
| | |} | | |} |
| − | <div style="clear: both;"></div> | + | <div style="clear: both"></div> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| Line 476: |
Line 476: |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = Further Information = | | = Further Information = |
| Line 483: |
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| | More information can be found at [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Perspectives_for_Decentralized_Energy_Supply_-_Conference_2013 Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply Conference - 2013]<br/> | | More information can be found at [https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Perspectives_for_Decentralized_Energy_Supply_-_Conference_2013 Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply Conference - 2013]<br/> |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | = References<br/> = | | = References<br/> = |
| Line 488: |
Line 490: |
| | <references /> | | <references /> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Conference_Documentation]]
| |
| − | [[Category:PV_Mini-grid]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Biofuel]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Off-grid]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Rural_Electrification]]
| |
| | [[Category:Mini-grid]] | | [[Category:Mini-grid]] |
| | + | [[Category:Rural_Electrification]] |
| | + | [[Category:Off-grid]] |
| | + | [[Category:Biofuel]] |
| | + | [[Category:PV_Mini-grid]] |
| | + | [[Category:Conference_Documentation]] |
Universal energy access remains a challenge despite being essential in enabling human development. There are 1.3 billion people without electricity worldwide (International Energy Agency [IEA], 2011) while electricity is the essential basis for the improvement of elementary needs, like light, communication, education, health and safety. Further, electricity has been repeatedly linked to poverty reduction.
Over 80% of the 1.3 billion lacking electricity live in rural areas and therefore, self-sustaining island systems (mini-grids) are mostly the only possibility to bring electricity and to grow local economy. In consequence of rising fuel prices, renewable energies have become more interesting to bridge the energy gap.
Mini-grids offer ideal conditions for a grid independent electricity supply. When they are renewable energy based, become a key element for rural electrification. Nevertheless there is not only a necessity of sustainable business models for energy supplying of hundreds of millions of people, but also a comparison of all countries need to be done in order to identify the most important players on this field.
The methodology for the study was aimed to identify the hugest market potential and the best political and financial environments. Due to this the next exclusion criteria and their respective weighting was considered:
The weighting and scoring of each criterion was proposed by the authors as follows:
by Dr. Teodoro Sanchez of Practical Action UK
Based on practical studies and own experience, the Dr. Tedoro Sánchez of Practical Action identified the critical and important factors for the performance of small stand alone systems in rural areas:
New management models which build the capacity of communities to operate and manage energy schemes needs to be introduced in rural areas.
Energy access programs should not focus on merely providing electricity services, but on delivering human development impacts. Existing approaches to rural electrification are oftentimes fragmented and leads to poorly designed systems. Integrating the rural electrification system’s social, technical and financial aspects calls for a more holistic design process, where the understanding of end user requirements and using their participation could lead to an instrument to achieve high-level goals of capability enhancement.
In order to understand the expansion of system boundary including human capabilities and to incorporate human development goals in the earlier stages or rural system design process, a field work was carried out in Tonibung, Buayan. This community has a community-based Micro-hydro power plant. After the field work and to merge human development theory with engineering design process the Systems Engineering Modeling Language (SysML) was used. It depicts graphically the decomposition of a rural electrification system (Technical and social); allows to identify the main issue (Top level); has an expanded view of the system and keep track of the capabilities, needs and opportunities.
The upper level of the SysML diagram represents the main system value. By solving lower levels this main value could be reached. The SysML allows as well to identify where the technical skills, knowledge transfer, Local institutions & Management skills, Environmental resource management, Technical artifact, Lowering costs and Economic activities are located.
It was presented a learning tool for the management of the energy use in order to make not only a change of the point of view of just giving electricity access, but also go give and develop full integrated solutions with energy management systems.
The study was carried out under the OASYS project, which have the objectives of having a cost effective and reliable off-grid electricity supply and assessing if local solutions have a scaling up and reproducibility.
The design of this model includes an analysis from the perspective of all key stakeholders: Project Implementing Agency: evaluate the techno-economic viability of SVO system based mini-grids to provide rural electricity services; Government: assess the financial burden of subsidies for making electricity affordable as compared to extending the central grid for rural electrification and the consumers: tariff within the payment capacity for availing the electricity services.
The design of the system was analyzed with different mechanism and includes also possible solutions for its deployment:
The model has a huge potential to generate employment through biofuel plantation and processing to enhance local income and at the same time generate electricity to serve the same area. But a sustainability condition taking into account the next points has to be present: Enabling policy, appropriate technology, local skills and innovative financing.
