Revision as of 07:37, 19 August 2014

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Overview

Billing

Organising electricity distribution requires to determine:

how much electricity is available
how it is shared and limited
how are the individual costs (tariffs) to be set

Different Tariffsystems are practicable at different conditions:

(see also at Costs and Tariff Setting)

Flat tariffs unlimited/limited
Item based tariffs (pay per bulb/TV/Radio)
Pay per usage (requires metering)

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Standard kWh Meter

Advantages

Digital meter.jpg

Standard kWh meter.jpg

technique is "state of the art"
billing is fair and transparent
reading can be uncoupled from tariff collection
allows amount and time related tariffs (demand steering)

Disadvantages

high costs (metering device)
especially at rural areas in dev. countries the investment cost for a meter unit are way out of range
dis- and re-connection in case of late payment

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Pre-paid System with Coins or Cards

Pre-paid system.jpg

Advantages

fair and transparent
no meter reading
no overdue costs
no costs for dis- and re-connection
close to “ability to pay”-variations
coins less expensive than cards

Disadvantages

relatively high cost for metering device
less forgery proof
costs for re-collection of coins and selling system for coins/cards

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Current Limiter / Fuses

Advantages

simultaneously protecting against overcurrent (actual purpose
cheap if simple versions
no meter reading required => indirect power flat rate according to max. amperage

Disadvantages

accuracy of cicuit breakers as load limiter fluctuates (even items from one batch have different trigger levels)
=> neigbours with same connections may be able to use different wattage
fault current breaker are rarely available in < 1 Ampere range (1 A / 220 V => 220 Watt)
time of usage not considered; less fair
melting fuses are available and cheap but very easy to bridge (also temporarily) => encouage missuse

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Flat Rate / No Metering / No Limiting

only in well organised small comunities a flat rate without limiting or metering will work. Consumers have to agree that everybody connected carries the same share of payment. If usage of electricity differs widely between the connected parties usually the "one tariff for all" is considered unfair.

Often such settings work only untill the limit of the mhp is reached and power has to be rationated.

Advantages

very cheap (no metering or limiting device)
in rural areas of Indonesia common and accepted as long lighting is the common/only usage
can be combined with number of appliances or installed wattage (social control)

Disadvantages

provokes waste of electricity, no incentive for saving
no load control / demand steering possible (peaks)
can be unfair

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Further Information

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References

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 = Current Limiter / Fuses<br/> =
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 *[[Net Metering Brazil (FRE)|Net Metering Brazil (FRE)]]<br/>
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 = References =

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Metering and Billing Systems

Revision as of 07:37, 19 August 2014

Contents

Overview

Billing

Standard kWh Meter

Pre-paid System with Coins or Cards

Current Limiter / Fuses

Flat Rate / No Metering / No Limiting

Further Information

References

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Community

About

Help

Contact

Search

Main Page

About energypedia

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Cross Cutting Issues

energypedia consult

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Actions

Metering and Billing Systems

Revision as of 07:37, 19 August 2014

Contents

Overview

Billing

Standard kWh Meter

Pre-paid System with Coins or Cards

Current Limiter / Fuses

Flat Rate / No Metering / No Limiting

Further Information

References