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| | [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]] | | [[Portal:Hydro|► Back to Hydro Portal]] |
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| − | == Turbine types == | + | = Overview = |
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| − | {| cellpadding="0" border="1" align="right" | + | -> See article [[Micro_Hydro_Power_(MHP)_Plants|Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plants]] |
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| | + | = Turbine Types = |
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| | + | {| align="right" cellpadding="0" border="1" |
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| − | | rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;" | <br/> | + | | style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="2" | <br/> |
| | '''<span>Turbine</span>''' | | '''<span>Turbine</span>''' |
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| | '''Runner''' | | '''Runner''' |
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| − | | colspan="3" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" colspan="3" | |
| | '''<span>Head</span>''' | | '''<span>Head</span>''' |
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| − | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | |
| | '''High''' | | '''High''' |
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| − | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | |
| | '''Medium''' | | '''Medium''' |
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| − | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | |
| | '''Low'''<br/> | | '''Low'''<br/> |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | Impulse | | Impulse |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | <span>Pelton</span> | | <span>Pelton</span> |
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| | Multi-jet Pelton<br/> | | Multi-jet Pelton<br/> |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | <span>Crossflow</span> | | <span>Crossflow</span> |
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| | Multi-jet Pelton<br/> | | Multi-jet Pelton<br/> |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | Crossflow | | Crossflow |
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| | |- | | |- |
| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | Reaction | | Reaction |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | <span>Francis</span> | | <span>Francis</span> |
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| | Pump-as-turbine (PAT)<br/> | | Pump-as-turbine (PAT)<br/> |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | <span>Propeller</span> | | <span>Propeller</span> |
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| | Kaplan<br/> | | Kaplan<br/> |
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;" | | + | | style="vertical-align: top" | |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| − | | + | *For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]]. |
| − | For further information, click [[Steffturbine - Hydropower Turbine|here]]. | + | *For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:Pump as Turbine (PaT) Manual.doc|here]]. |
| − | | + | |
| − | For information on Pump-as-Turbine, click [[:File:Pump as Turbine (PaT) Manual.doc|here]]. | + | |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | == Generators ==
| + | = Generators = |
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| | *[[Thermo Electric Generators|Thermo Electric Generators]]<br/> | | *[[Thermo Electric Generators|Thermo Electric Generators]]<br/> |
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| − | === Established producers of hydro generators ===
| + | == Established Producers of Hydro Generators == |
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| | Marelli | | Marelli |
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| − | === Induction motor as generator ===
| + | == Induction Motor as Generator == |
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| − | == Controller: ==
| |
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| − | <!--{12766848790533}--><!--{12766848790534}--><!--{12766848790535}--><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma;">Function principles </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma;">[[File:Mhp-scheme.jpg|right|605px|Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme|alt=Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme]]</span><br/> | + | |
| | + | = Controller = |
| | + | |
| | + | <!--{12766848790533}--><!--{12766848790534}--><!--{12766848790535}--><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma">Function principles </span><span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma">[[File:Mhp-scheme.jpg|thumb|right|605px|Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme|alt=Elements of a Micro Hydro Power Scheme]]</span><br/> |
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| | A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the '''power output does not exceed the power demand''' and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz). | | A Load- or Flow- controller ensures that the '''power output does not exceed the power demand''' and power output is stable (e.g. 230V, 50 Hz). |
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| | In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/> | | In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.<br/> |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}--> | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]]<br/><!--{12766848790537}--><!--{12766848790538}--><!--{12766848790539}--> |
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| − | === <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma;">Controller Types</span> ===
| + | == <span lang="DE" style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: tahoma">Controller Types</span> == |
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| | Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load). | | Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load). |
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| | For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control. | | For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control. |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | ==== Load control: ====
| + | === Load Control === |
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| | The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side. | | The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side. |
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| − | [[File:Controler.jpg|right|734px|Controler.jpg|alt=Controler.jpg]] | + | [[File:Controler.jpg|thumb|right|734px|Controler|alt=Controler.jpg]] |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | ==== Ballast load ====
| + | === Ballast Load === |
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| | If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options. | | If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options. |
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| − | Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation_and_Maintenance_of_Small_Hydro.pdf|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews | + | Regarding intelligent load management: [[:File:Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro.pdf|Operation and Maintenance of Small Hydro]] by Dr Nigel Smith, Dr Philip Taylor and Tim Matthews |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | ==== Flow control ====
| + | === Flow Control === |
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| | regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve | | regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve |
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| − | [[File:Flow-control.jpg|border|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]] | + | [[File:Flow-control.jpg|thumb|center|834px|principle flow control|alt=principle flow control]] |
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| | '''Manual flow control''' | | '''Manual flow control''' |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| − | == Load factor ==
| + | = Load Factor = |
| | | | |
| | The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor will be high. | | The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor will be high. |
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| | It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers. | | It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers. |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| | = Further Information = | | = Further Information = |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| − | [[Electrical-Mechanical_Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] | + | [[Electrical-Mechanical Equipment#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | == <span>References</span><br/> ==
| + | = <span>References</span><br/> = |
| | | | |
| | *General:[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Micro hydro Power Manuals]] | | *General:[[Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Manuals|Micro hydro Power Manuals]] |
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| | *[[:File:Hydro scout guide ET may10.pdf|Micro Hydro Power Scout Guide]] | | *[[:File:Hydro scout guide ET may10.pdf|Micro Hydro Power Scout Guide]] |
| | *[http://practicalaction.org/micro-hydro-power-2 Micro-Hydro Power: Practical Action] | | *[http://practicalaction.org/micro-hydro-power-2 Micro-Hydro Power: Practical Action] |
| | + | |
| | + | <references /> |
| | | | |
| | [[Category:Hydro]] | | [[Category:Hydro]] |
In case of more power demand than supply the controller cuts off single users (clusters) in order to keep voltage and frequency constant for the others (first and second class connections). Load or flow controller are placed between generator output and the consumer line.
Fluctuating energy demand requires a mechanism which either regulates the water input into the turbine (= flow control) or by diverting excess energy from the consumer connection (= ballast load).
For small micro or pico hydropower sites it's sometimes not easy to find the right controller. There is a lower price limit of several 100 USD even for only 1 or 2 kW power. In such cases there may be thought of manual control.
The electric load controller (ELC) keeps outgoing Voltage and Frequency stable. Therefore the load on the generator has to be kept stable. The controller adds and subtracts an artificial load (heater) in a way to neutralise the fluctuations on the consumer side.
If energy demand is temporarily low the excess energy is dumped. It's converted into heat by some heat elements either in water or air. To increase an mhp's overall efficiency such excess power could be utilised as well. Therefore some storage technology would be required. Battery charging, freezers, water pumping or heat storage may be options.
regulates the amount of water into the turbine in order to match power output and power demand. Nowadays flow control is done mostly via electronics, which steer a valve
In very small schemes often all power for lighting and TV is used constantly. Then energy consumption barely alters or does only at certain times. In such cases it can be even practical to train an operator who open / closes a valve manually to stabilise the Voltage. This allows to disclaim a controller, which saves costs and potentially flaws.
The load factor is the amount of power used divided by the amount of power that is available if the turbine were to be used continuously. Unlike technologies relying on costly fuel sources, the 'fuel' for hydropower generation is free and therefore the plant becomes more cost effective if run for a high percentage of the time. If the turbine is only used for domestic lighting in the evenings then the plant factor will be very low. If the turbine provides power for rural industry during the day, meets domestic demand during the evening, and maybe pumps water for irrigation in the evening, then the plant factor will be high.
It is very important to ensure a high plant factor if the scheme is to be cost effective and this should be taken into account during the planning stage. Many schemes use a 'dump' load (in conjunction with an electronic load controller - see below), which is effectively a low priority energy demand that can accept surplus energy when an excess is produced e.g. water heating, storage heaters or storage cookers.
