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| | + | {{CES Country |
| | + | |CES Country Name=Ghana |
| | + | |CES Country Capital=Accra |
| | + | |CES Country Region=Africa |
| | + | |CES Country Coordinates=5.5500° N, 0.2000° W |
| | + | }} |
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| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="0" align="right" style="width: 400px; font-size: 14px"
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| − | ! style="width: 602px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(79, 129, 189)" colspan="4" scope="col" | <font color="#ffffff" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px">Republic of Ghana</span></font>
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| − | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" rowspan="1" colspan="3" | [[File:Ghana new map.png|center|180px|Flag of Ghana|alt=Flag of _____.png]]
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| − | | style="width: 250px; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | [[File:800px-LocationGhana.svg.png|center|180px|Ghana Location|alt=Location _______.png]]
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Capital'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Accra (5° 33′ 0″ N, 0° 15′ 0″ W)
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Official Languages(s)'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" |
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| − | English
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Government'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Constitutional Presidential Republic
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''President'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Dr. John Dramani Mahama
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Total Area ''''''<span style="line-height: 21px">( </span>km²<span style="line-height: 21px">)</span>'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 238,535
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Population'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 24,233,431 (2010 estimate)
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Rural Population'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | (year)
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP (Nominal)'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $50 billion (2014 estimate)<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at: http://www.imf.org
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| − | /external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx
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| − | ?pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018
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| − | &scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&
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| − | ds=.&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGD
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| − | PDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''GDP Per Capita'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | $1,902.9<ref>IMF, retrieved 19 February 2014 at http://www.imf.org/
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| − | external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?
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| − | pr.x=53&pr.y=6&sy=2011&ey=2018&
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| − | amp;scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=
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| − | .&br=1&c=652&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC
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| − | %2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=</ref>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Currency'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | Ghana cedi (GH₵) (GHS)
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Time Zone'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | <font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px"><font size="2" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#454545" class="Apple-style-span">GMT (UTC0)<br/>Summer (DST) GMT (UTC0)</font></span></font>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Calling Code'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | +233
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Electricity Generation'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 12,164 <span data-scayt_word="twh" data-scaytid="5">GWh</span>/year (2012)<ref>Energy Commission, Ghana: 2013 Energy Outlook for Ghana.
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| − | Accessed on 25 February 2014 at http://www.energycom
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| − | .gov.gh/files/Energy%20Commission%20-%202013%20
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| − | Energy%20Outlook%20for%20Ghana.pdf</ref><br/>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Access to Electricity'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 75 percent (2014 estimate)<br/>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Wind energy (installed capacity)'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | MW (year)<br/>
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| − | |-
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" colspan="3" | '''Solar Energy (installed capacity)'''
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| − | | style="width: 250px; background-color: rgb(219, 229, 241)" | 2.5 MW (2013)<br/>
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| − | |}
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| | | | |
| − | {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="left" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="width: 350px"
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| − | | __TOC__
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| − | |}
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| − |
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| − | <br/>
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| − | <div style="clear: both"></div>
| |
| | = Introduction<br/> = | | = Introduction<br/> = |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “National Energy Policy.” Ghanaian Ministry of Energy. February 2010 | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “National Energy Policy.” Ghanaian Ministry of Energy. February 2010 |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | = Electricity Situation<br/> = | | = Electricity Situation<br/> = |
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| | The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.<br/> | | The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Installed Generation Capacity<br/> == | | == Installed Generation Capacity<br/> == |
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| | VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer | | VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| − | <br/>
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| − |
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| − | <br/>
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| | | | |
| | === The Volta River Authority<br/> === | | === The Volta River Authority<br/> === |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| − | </div></div>
| + | |
| − | <br/>
| + | |
| | | | |
| | === Independent Power Producers<br/> === | | === Independent Power Producers<br/> === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Kunateh, M. “Gov’t Cenpower Sign Agreement.” The Chronicle, November 27, 2012 Accessed on January 13, 2014 at: [http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/ http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Kunateh, M. “Gov’t Cenpower Sign Agreement.” The Chronicle, November 27, 2012 Accessed on January 13, 2014 at: [http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/ http://thechronicle.com.gh/govt-cenpower-sign-agreement/] |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Transmission and Distribution Network == | | == Transmission and Distribution Network == |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Electricity Company of Ghana === | | === Electricity Company of Ghana === |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana === | | === Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “About Us.” NEDCo Accessed on January 10, 2014 at: [http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “About Us.” NEDCo Accessed on January 10, 2014 at: [http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php http://www.nedco.com.gh/about_us.php] |
| | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="ftn2"> | | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div id="ftn2"> |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]] |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| | == Demand vs Supply of Electricity<br/> == | | == Demand vs Supply of Electricity<br/> == |
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| | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> | | [[#_ftnref2|[2]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| − | <br/>
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| − |
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| − | <br/>
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| | | | |
| | == Key Challenge in the Electricity sector == | | == Key Challenge in the Electricity sector == |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Tractabel Engineering. “Transmission System Master Plan for Ghana.” GridCo., February 2011 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] Tractabel Engineering. “Transmission System Master Plan for Ghana.” GridCo., February 2011 |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| − | <br/>
| + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| | | | |
| | === Poor Investment Return of Transmission and Distribution Company<br/> === | | === Poor Investment Return of Transmission and Distribution Company<br/> === |
| − | <div><div id="ftn1">The electricity distribution sub-sector suffers from poor commercial and operational performance. Ghana’s two distribution companies do not recover their cost of distributing electricity through established electricity tariffs. In addition, high losses due to old and overloaded networks in many areas; and problems with metering, billing, electricity theft, and inadequate revenue collection generate additional losses for the distribution companies. This leads the distribution companies to fall behind on payments to the transmission grid and power generators.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]<div><br/><div id="ftn1"> | + | The electricity distribution sub-sector suffers from poor commercial and operational performance. Ghana’s two distribution companies do not recover their cost of distributing electricity through established electricity tariffs. In addition, high losses due to old and overloaded networks in many areas; and problems with metering, billing, electricity theft, and inadequate revenue collection generate additional losses for the distribution companies. This leads the distribution companies to fall behind on payments to the transmission grid and power generators.[[#_ftn1|[1]]]<div><br/><div id="ftn1"> |
| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energizing Economic Growth: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge.” World Bank, June 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| − | </div></div></div></div>
| + | |
| − | <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | <br/>
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| | | | |
| | = Key Challenges in the Energy Sector = | | = Key Challenges in the Energy Sector = |
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| | <br/> | | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | = Institutional Set up = | | = Institutional Set up = |
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| | In addition, in 2010 the Ministry established a directorate to focus exclusively on developing and promoting renewable energy generation in Ghana.<br/> | | In addition, in 2010 the Ministry established a directorate to focus exclusively on developing and promoting renewable energy generation in Ghana.<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Energy Commission<br/> == | | == Energy Commission<br/> == |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Commission Act (Act 541).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Commission Act (Act 541).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Public Utilities Regulatory Commission<br/> == | | == Public Utilities Regulatory Commission<br/> == |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Public Utilities Regulatory Commission Act (Act 538).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Public Utilities Regulatory Commission Act (Act 538).” Ghanaian Parliament. 1997<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]] |
| | | | |
| | == Energy Foundation<br/> == | | == Energy Foundation<br/> == |
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| | The Energy Foundation Ghana is a non-profit, public-private partnership institution. It is devoted to promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy as a key strategy to managing Ghana’s growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. It was established in November 1997 by the Private Enterprise Foundation in collaboration with the Government of Ghana to promote sustainable development and efficient consumption of energy in all of its forms in Ghana. | | The Energy Foundation Ghana is a non-profit, public-private partnership institution. It is devoted to promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy as a key strategy to managing Ghana’s growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. It was established in November 1997 by the Private Enterprise Foundation in collaboration with the Government of Ghana to promote sustainable development and efficient consumption of energy in all of its forms in Ghana. |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | + | |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan.” Ministry of Energy. February, 2010<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Energy Sector Strategy and Development Plan.” Ministry of Energy. February, 2010<br/> |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy<br/> === | | === ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy<br/> === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “The ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy” ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. September, 2012<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “The ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy” ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. September, 2012<br/> |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Sustainable Energy for All Policy<br/> === | | === Sustainable Energy for All Policy<br/> === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Ghana Country Action Plan for Sustainable Energy for All.” United Nations. June, 2012<br/> | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Ghana Country Action Plan for Sustainable Energy for All.” United Nations. June, 2012<br/> |
| | </div></div> | | </div></div> |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
| | == Law<br/> == | | == Law<br/> == |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Company of Ghana,” Institute of Developong Economies Japan External Trade Organization. Accessed January 15, 2014 at: [http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html] | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Company of Ghana,” Institute of Developong Economies Japan External Trade Organization. Accessed January 15, 2014 at: [http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Company/ghana02.html] |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Renewable Energy Act (2011) === | | === Renewable Energy Act (2011) === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Renewable Energy Act (Act 832).” Ghanaian Parliament. 2011 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Renewable Energy Act (Act 832).” Ghanaian Parliament. 2011 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div> |
| | == Regulation<br/> == | | == Regulation<br/> == |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “National Electricity Grid Code.” Energy Commission. October, 2009 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “National Electricity Grid Code.” Energy Commission. October, 2009 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === National Electricity Distribution Code (Draft) === | | === National Electricity Distribution Code (Draft) === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Draft National Electricity Distribution Code.” Energy Commission. November, 2013 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Draft National Electricity Distribution Code.” Energy Commission. November, 2013 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | === Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines (1999) === | | === Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines (1999) === |
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| | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines.” PURC. December, 1999 | | [[#_ftnref1|[1]]] “Electricity Rate Setting Guidelines.” PURC. December, 1999 |
| | | | |
| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> | | </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> |
| | <br/> | | <br/> |
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| | In the oil and gas sector, a number of donors are providing both finanacial as well as technical support to the Government of Ghana through her implementing agencies. These include UK/DFID (Ghana Accountability and Responsiveness Initiative), Germany/GIZ (Good Financial Governance Programme), Norway (Oil for Development - resource and environmental management, local content), the World Bank (Oil and Gas Capacity Building Project), China Development Bank (Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project), USAID (TA for gas regulation), MCC (TA for gas policy).<br/> | | In the oil and gas sector, a number of donors are providing both finanacial as well as technical support to the Government of Ghana through her implementing agencies. These include UK/DFID (Ghana Accountability and Responsiveness Initiative), Germany/GIZ (Good Financial Governance Programme), Norway (Oil for Development - resource and environmental management, local content), the World Bank (Oil and Gas Capacity Building Project), China Development Bank (Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure Project), USAID (TA for gas regulation), MCC (TA for gas policy).<br/> |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
| | | | |
| | == Electricity<br/> == | | == Electricity<br/> == |
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| | Germany via GIZ supports the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Act of 2011 through advisory services on grid-connected renewable energy, in particular regarding the procurement strategy for utility-scale solar and wind capacity, the renewable energy Purchase Obligation for electricity bulk customers and utilities, the renewable energy licencing regime, a Grid Integration Study and Transmission Reinforcement Study for variable renewables, the renewable energy Grid Code and regarding the Net-Metering Code. | | Germany via GIZ supports the successful implementation of the Renewable Energy Act of 2011 through advisory services on grid-connected renewable energy, in particular regarding the procurement strategy for utility-scale solar and wind capacity, the renewable energy Purchase Obligation for electricity bulk customers and utilities, the renewable energy licencing regime, a Grid Integration Study and Transmission Reinforcement Study for variable renewables, the renewable energy Grid Code and regarding the Net-Metering Code. |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]]] |
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| | In general, agricultural industries show the great potential in biogas in Ghana due to significant feedstock available for biogas generation, agro-industrial residues and animal and agricultural residues. However, so far only few biogas installations are implemented compared to the given potentials, so that most of the biomass remains unused. See also "[[Business_Opportunities_in_the_Ghanaian_Biogas_Sector|Business Opportunities in the Ghanaian Biogas Sector]]". | | In general, agricultural industries show the great potential in biogas in Ghana due to significant feedstock available for biogas generation, agro-industrial residues and animal and agricultural residues. However, so far only few biogas installations are implemented compared to the given potentials, so that most of the biomass remains unused. See also "[[Business_Opportunities_in_the_Ghanaian_Biogas_Sector|Business Opportunities in the Ghanaian Biogas Sector]]". |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| | == Donor Coordination<br/> == | | == Donor Coordination<br/> == |
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| | The coordination of donor support takes place within the framework of the Donor Sector Group, established under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) framework. The Energy Sector Working Group meets every other month to coordinate activities within the sector. Donors that are active in the sector group include: Switzerland (Sector Lead in 2013/2014), the World Bank, France (AFD), USA (MCC, USAID), African Development Bank, Japan (JICA), Germany (incl. KfW and GIZ) and KOICA. To a large extent there is division of labour. | | The coordination of donor support takes place within the framework of the Donor Sector Group, established under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS) framework. The Energy Sector Working Group meets every other month to coordinate activities within the sector. Donors that are active in the sector group include: Switzerland (Sector Lead in 2013/2014), the World Bank, France (AFD), USA (MCC, USAID), African Development Bank, Japan (JICA), Germany (incl. KfW and GIZ) and KOICA. To a large extent there is division of labour. |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| | = Further Information = | | = Further Information = |
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| | *<span dir="auto">[[Business_Opportunities_in_the_Ghanaian_Biogas_Sector|Business Opportunities in the Ghanaian Biogas Sector]]</span> | | *<span dir="auto">[[Business_Opportunities_in_the_Ghanaian_Biogas_Sector|Business Opportunities in the Ghanaian Biogas Sector]]</span> |
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| − | [[Ghana Energy Situation#Introduction|Go To Top]] | + | [[Ghana Energy Situation#toc|►Go to Top]] |
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| | <references /><br/> | | <references /><br/> |
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| − | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]] | + | [[Category:CES Country]] |
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| | [[Category:Ghana]] | | [[Category:Ghana]] |
| | + | [[Category:Country_Energy_Situation]] |
Electricity in Ghana is a key determinant of the country’s continued economic growth, but supply has recently struggled to keep up with demand. Sustained demand growth of over 6 percent per year has strained the already overburdened electricity system. A major power crisis in 2006–7 is estimated to have reduced GDP growth by one percent.[1]
The Government of Ghana, with the help of international donors, has sought to strengthen the electricity sector in response to this challenge. The Government has outlined two key objectives for solving existing problems in the sector and allowing it to power sustainable, inclusive economic growth in the future: (i) double installed generation capacity by 2015; and (ii) extend universal access to electricity by 2020.[2]
The last section summarizes the efforts of donor agencies to improve outcomes in the electricity sector.
The Ghanaian electricity sector is in a period of transition. The Government is attempting to attract more private sector participation in the sector. Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have begun to enter the electricity generation market, previously dominated by the public sector. The state still owns both electricity distribution companies, as well as the electricity transmission company. Key problems in the sector include demand outstripping supply, poor state of transmission and distribution, and tariffs that have not covered costs.
Ghana’s electricity generation has traditionally been dominated by hydro assets; however, in recent years hydro has been complemented by fossil fuel generation to meet rapidly growing demand. Total installed capacity to date is about 2,703.5MW. 50 percent of installed capacity comes from hydropower installations, with the rest coming from thermal plants burning Natural Gas (NG), Light Crude Oil (LCO), or diesel. The generating units are owned and operated primarily by the Volta River Authority (VRA); however, some IPPs have begun to enter the market.
The table below shows the mix of thermal generation assets and hydro generation assets in GHana. Each thermal generation unit can use NG, which is less expensive than LCO or diesel. However, due to an ongoing interruption in the West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP), all thermal units are currently operating using diesel or LCO (as listed in column ‘Fuel 2’) except for Sunon Asogli. Sunon Asogli can only run on NG.
VRA = Volta River Authority; BPA = Bui River Authority; IPP = Independent Power Producer
The VRA, established in 1961 by the Volta River Development Act (Act 46), is the state-owned electricity utility responsible for generating electricity in Ghana and supplying electricity in bulk to Ghana Grid Company Limited (GridCo). VRA owns and operates the Akosombo hydro power station, the Kpong hydro power station, the Aboadze T1 plant, the Tema TT1PP plant, and the Takoradi Thermal Power Plant (T3) located at Aboadze. VRA is also a minority joint partner with TAQA, which owns and operates the Takoradi International Power Company (TICO) thermal power plant also located at Aboadze. In addition to the plants that VRA owns, VRA also operates the Tema TT2PP plant and Mine Reserves plant for their respective owners.[1]
In recent years, VRA’s role in the Ghanaian power sector has evolved significantly from generation, transmission, and distribution to focus on generation. In 2006, VRA ceded its transmission responsibilities to GridCo. In May 2012, VRA restructured its distribution department, Northern Electricity Distribution (NED), into a semi-independent, wholly owned subsidiary company of VRA, known as Northern Electricity Distribution Company of Ghana (NEDCo). Finally, VRA’s responsibility for all hydro resources within the Volta Basin—which includes the White Volta, Black Volta, and Red Volta rivers—was curtailed by the Bui Power Authority (BPA). BPA, a state-owned enterprise, was created to develop a hydroelectric plant at Bui, which lies within on the Black Volta.[2]
